Sei mabhuku aya maviri ane hanya nevashanyi?
Vakawanda vanofamba munyika dzakawanda vakanzwa nezveMagungano eWarsaw neMontreal asi vangangodaro vakaisa pfungwa shomanana kunze kwekuzadza ruzivo rwemashoko kune mushure metikiti yemapurisa. Sezvo chikamu chakakosha chezvakaitika munharaunda, zvose magungano anopa vanofambisa basa rinokosha munyika yose. Hazvina mhosva kuti vanofambira vanofamba sei, marwendo avo anowanzotarisana nemasangano maviri anokosha.
Hondo yeWarsaw yakasimbiswa ikashanda muna 1929 uye yakagadziriswa kaviri. Makore makumi maviri gare gare, Chibvumirano cheMontreal chakatsiva iyo Warsaw Convention kuti ipe vashandi zvimwe zvekudzivirirwa zvinokosha zvinotungamirira ndege dzehurumende. Nhasi, kupfuura mapoka makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri, kusanganisira iyo yose yeEuropean Union, vakabvumirana kuti varambe vachigara neMontreal Convention, vachipa vafambi vakabatana kudzivirirwa pavanofamba.
Ko magungano maviri anopa sei rubatsiro kune vanofamba mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa? Heano ndiwo magwaro echokwadi pamusoro peWarsaw Convention neContreal yeMontreal mumwe mufambi anofanirwa kuziva.
The Warsaw Convention
Pakutanga yakasaina kushanda muna 1929, Gungano reWarsaw rakapa sarudzo yekutanga yemabhizimisi ekugadzira zvemabhizimisi ezvematengesi. Nokuti mitemo yeMagungano yakagadziriswa kuThe Hague muna 1955 uye kuMontreal muna 1975, dzimwe nheyo dzakaona gungano rekutanga sechikamu chakasiyana kubva kune zvirevo zviviri zvinotevera.
Kokorodzano yepakutanga yakagadzirirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadziriswa dzinofanirwa navashanyi vose nhasi. Hondo yeWarsaw inoisa mutemo wekutakura matikiti chaiwo kune vose vanofambira mumhepo, uye kodzero yekuendesa mathikiti nemutoro wakavimbiswa kune dzimwe ndege pakusununguka kune vanoenda kune imwe nzvimbo yekupedzisira.
Zvinonyanya kukosha, iyo Warsaw Convention (uye kuchinja kunotevera) inogadzirisa zvinokanganisa vafambi kana zviitiko zvakanyanya kuitika.
Hondo yeWarsaw yakaratidza chikonzero chekuita kuti ndege dzakatakura mitoro mukutarisira kwavo. Nokuda kwenyika dzisayina yeChirangaridzo, ndege dzenyika dzinoshanda munyika idzodzo dzaifanira kutongerwa 17 Dzakodzero Dzakadzama (SDR) kilogram yekutakura mitoro yakarasika kana kuparadzwa. Izvi zvingazogadziriswa zvakare kuMontreal kuwedzera $ 20 per kilogram yekutakura mitoro yakarasika kana kuparadzwa kune iyo nyika dzisina kuisa mairi neri 1975 kuchinja. Kuti vawane mari yakagadziriswa neWarsaw Convention, kudai kunofanira kuendeswa mberi mumakore maviri ekurasikirwa.
Uyezve, iyo Warsaw Convention yakagadzira chiyero chekukuvadza kunobatwa nevashanyi nekuda kwechiitiko chengaraira. Vafambi ivavo vakakuvadza kana kuurawa pavanenge vachibhururuka pane imwechete yevatakuri vemhepo vanogona kuva nekodzero yepamusoro ye16,600 SDR, inoshandiswa kune mari yavo yemunharaunda.
Gungano reMontreal
Muna 1999, Kokorodzano yeMontreal yakatsiviwa uye yakajekesa kuchengetedzwa kwakaitwa nevafambi neWarsaw Convention. Kubva munaJanuary 2015, 108 nhengo dzeSouth Civil Civil Aviation dzakasayina kuChishanu yeMontreal, inomiririra chikamu chehafu yeUnited Nations sangano.
Pasi peChitsuwa cheMontreal, vafambi vanopiwa zvidziviriro zvakare pasi pemutemo, vachiwedzera dzimwe kodzero kune dzimwe ndege. Ndege dzinoshandiswa mumarudzi akasaina kuChitsuwa cheMontreal dzinosungirwa kutakura inshuwarisi yemhosva uye inokonzera kukanganisa kunokwira kune vafambi vachifamba pavanenge vachiendesa ndege. Vatakuri vanowanzoshanda munyika 109 nhengo dzinosungirwa kusvika 1131 SDR yekukuvara muzviitiko zvekukuvara kana kufa. Kunyange zvazvo vafambi vanogona kutsvaga mari yakawanda mumatare, ndege dzinogona kukanganisa izvo zvinokuvadza kana zvichigona kuratidza kuti kuparara kwacho hakuna kukonzerwa zvakananga neyo ndege.
Mukuwedzera, Kokorodzano yeMontreal yakagadzirisa zvinokanganisa kurasikirwa kana kuurayiwa mitambo inobva pane zvimedu. Vafambi vane kodzero yepamusoro we 1,131 SDR kana mutoro warasika kana kuti zvimwe zvakaparadzwa.
Mukuwedzera, ndege dzinoshandirwa kubhadhara vanofambisa mari nokuda kwekutakura mitoro.
Nzira Yokufamba Inishuwarensi Inobatwa Sei neGungano
Kunyange zvazvo Gungano reMontreal rinopa kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda hazvisi panzvimbo yezvinodikanwa pakufambisa inshuwarisi. Kune zvakawanda zvakawanda zvinodzivirirwa izvo vafambi vangave vachida kuti inishuwarenzi yekufamba inogona kupa.
Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vehupfambisi yemainshuwarisi vanoita rufu nekukurumidza uye kuputsika kunobatsira pavanenge vachifamba pane imwe nhumbi. Kufa nekukurumidza kwekufa kunotsigira kubhadharwa kusvika pamucheto wepurogiramu muitiko apo mufambi anorasikirwa noupenyu kana nhengo paanenge achibhururuka pane imwe ndege.
Mukuwedzera, apo kukanganisa kana kurasikirwa kwekutakurwa kwemutakadzi kunodzivirirwa, mutoro dzimwe nguva unokosha kupfuura huwandu huripo. Mazhinji inshuwarisi yekutambira inotakurawo mutoro wekurasikirwa mutoro, kana chiitiko chokuti mutoro unonoka kwenguva kana kurasikirwa zvachose. Vafambi vane mutoro wavo vakarashika vanogona kuwana mubhadharo wezuva nezuva chero bedzi mutoro wavo wapera.
Nokunzwisisa kukosha kwemagungano eWarsaw neMontreal, vafambi vanogona kunzwisisa kodzero dzavanofanirwa kufamba nadzo. Izvi zvinobvumira vafambi kuti vaite zvisarudzo zviri nani uye vamire zvakanyanya simba kana mafambiro avo achienda zvisina kururama.