Khat chimiro chinyararire chinonyangadza chakave chichitsvaga uye chinonakidzwa nevanhu kwemazana emakore muHondo yeAfrica uye Arabia Peninsula. Yakapararira kushandiswa muSomalia, Djibouti , Ethiopia uye zvikamu zveKenya, uye inonyanyozivikanwa muYemen. Mune dzimwe nyika idzi, uchawana muti uri kutengeswa pachena pamisika yakasununguka uye unopedzerwa nekufanana kwakadaro sefivha munyika dzekuMadokero.
Zvisinei, pasinei nekupararira kwayo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica uye kuMiddle East, khat ndiyo inowanikwa mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Ndiyo nyaya yepikisano yakawanda, nedzimwe nyanzvi dzichitsanangura semunhu ane unyoro hunokurudzira uye vamwe vachizviti i amphetamine-semishonga.
History of Khat
Mhemberero ye khat kushandiswa hairi pachena, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti yakatanga muEthiopiya. Zvichida kuti dzimwe mharaunda dzave dziri kushandisa khat kana zororo kana kuti rubatsiro rwemweya kwezviuru zvemakore; pamwe chete neVaIjipita vekare neVaSufis vachishandisa chimiro ichi kuti vanyengetedze-kufanana nemamiriro ezvinhu akavabatsira kuti vafambidzane nevanamwari vavo. Khat inoratidzika (nepepellings yakasiyana-siyana) mumabasa evanyori vezvakaitika kare, kusanganisira Charles Dickens; uyo muna 1856 akarondedzera achiti " mashizha aya anotsvaga, uye anoshanda pamweya yeavo vanovashandisa, zvakadai semvura yakasimba yehutti chai inoshanda paIurope".
Kushandiswa Kwemazuva Ano
Nhasi, khat inozivikanwa nemazita akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kat, qat, chat, Kafta, Abyssinian Tea, miraa uye Bushman's Tea. Mashizha matsva uye zvigunwe zvinowanikwa kubva kuCatha edulis shrub, uye zvinosvibiswa zvitsva kana zvakaomeswa uye zvakabikwa muiyo. Iyo yekare nzira yakawanda zvikuru, inopa dhesi yakareba kwazvo yechikamu chinokurudzira chemuti, unozivikanwa sa cathinone.
Cathinone kazhinji inofananidzwa nemaamphetamines, zvichiita kuti (kunyange zvazvo zvikaita zvakawanda) zvinokonzera. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufara, kufara, kumutsa, kutaura, kuvimba nekuwedzera.
Khat yakava mamiriyoni emadhora emadhora. MuYenen, mushumo weBanyika Yepasi rose wakaparidzirwa mugore ra2000 inofungidzira kuti chimiro chacho chakaita 30% yehupfumi hwenyika. Kutaura zvazviri, kukura kwekak muJenen kwakapararira zvokuti kudiridza kwekakirima mapairi kunofananidzirawo 40% emvura. Khat kushandisa ikozvino yakapararira zvakanyanya kudarika zvaiitika kare. Catha edulis shrubs zvino inowanzoitika munzvimbo dzeSouth Africa (kusanganisira South Africa, Swaziland neMozambique), asi zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika pasi pose.
Migumisiro Yakaipa
Muna 1980, World Health Organization (WHO) yakaratidza khat se "chirwere chekushungurudza", ine ruzhinji rwezvingava nemigumisiro yakaipa. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafungiro evanhu uye kusagadzikana, kuwedzerwa kwema moyo uye kuwedzerwa kweropa, kurasikirwa kwechido, kusuruvara, kuvhiringidzika uye kuvimbiswa. Vamwe vanodavira kuti kana ikashandiswa kwenguva yakareba, khat inogona kukonzera kuora mwoyo uye kuwedzerwa ngozi yekurwisa mwoyo; uye kuti inogona kuwedzera matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa kune avo vatova nawo.
Izvo hazvifungidziri kuti zvakanyanya kupindwa muropa, uye avo vanorega kuishandisa hazvigoni kutambura mumuviri.
Pane nharo huru pamusoro pekunetseka kwek khat kushata, pamwe nevashandisi vakawanda zuva nezuva vachireva kuti kushandiswa nguva dzose hakuzi nengozi kupfurikidza nekuzvipira mune zvezuva nezuva rekushaya caffeine. Vazhinji vatsoropodzi vezvinhu izvi vane hanya nehuwandu hwemagariro ekushandisa khat. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kukwidza uye kuderedzwa kusagadzikana kunofanirwa kutungamirira kune imwe mikana yakawanda yekuita zvepabonde isina kuchengetedzeka uye / kana kutora mimba isina kukodzera. Kunyanya, khat ndeyekunyanya kukonzerwa nemari yevanhu vanogara munharaunda vasina mari shoma. MuDibibouti, inofungidzirwa kuti vashandi venguva dzose vanopedza kusvika kune chechishanu chemajeri avo emhuri pachirimwa; mari inogona kuve yakashandiswa zviri nani pane dzidzo kana utano hwehutano.
Ndiyo Mutemo here?
Khat inobvumirwa mune dzakawanda Horn yeAfrica uye nyika dzeArabian Peninsula, kusanganisira Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya neYemen. Hazvisi pamutemo muEritrea, uye muSouth Africa (apo icho chaicho pachacho chinodzivirira zvipenyu). Khat inorambidzwawo munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope - kusanganisira neNetherlands uye munguva ichangopfuura, United Kingdom, iyo yakarongedza chinhu ichi sechikamu chechikamu cheC C mugore ra2014. MuCanada, khat inonzi chinhu chinodzora (zvinoreva kuti hazvisi pamutemo kutengesa pasina kubvumirwa kwechiremba). MuUnited States, cathinone iri chirongwa cheParamende I, zvinobudirira kuita kuti kusabvumirwe pamutemo. Missouri neCalifornia zvinorambidza zvakananga khat uye cathinone.
NB: Khat production yakabatanidzwa nehugandanga, pamwe chete nemari inowanikwa kubva kune zvisiri pamutemo kutengesa uye kutengesa kufungidzirwa kubhadhara masangano akaita sa al-Shabaab, seSomalia-based cell yeAl-Qaeda. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisati zvichiratidzwa.
Nyaya iyi yakarongedzwa uye yakanyorwa zvakare muchikamu chaJessica Macdonald musi waFebruary 5th 2018.