Nhau yechokwadi yekuti imwe yemifananidzo yakaguma sei mune makumi maviri nemasere akasiyana
Kana iwe uri kunyange mutsigiri wekunyora weApristist art, iwe ungadaro wakamboona Edgar Degas "Muduku Muduku Wegumi Neine" (1881) kuMetropolitan Museum of Art .
Uye Musee d'Orsay. Uye iyo Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Panewo imwe muNational Gallery of Art muWashington DC, uye kune Tate Modern uye dzakawanda, dzakawanda. Zvose pamwe chete, kune 28 maBhaibheri e "Little Dancer" mumamamamusamu nemakamuri pasi pose.
Saka kana museumsiti nguva dzose achiratidza chepakutanga (uye kazhinji inokosha) mabasa oumhizha, izvi zvingava sei? Ndeupi iyeye chaiwo? Kunyanya, w hy kune vakawanda kwazvo "Vaduku Dancers"? Nhau yacho inosanganisira munyanzvi, mufananidzo, boka revakatsoropodza chaizvo uye nechemberi yemhangura.
Ngatitangei pakutanga. Apo Edgar Degas akazofarira nyaya yevatambi vema ballet paParis Opera, yaifungidzirwa kuva nharo sezvo idzi dzaiva vasikana nevakadzi kubva kumakadzi maduku. Ava vaiva vakadzi vakanga vakaneta nekuratidza miviri yavo yemitambo muzvigadziro-zvakakodzera. Uyezve, vakashanda usiku uye vaiwanzozvitsigira. Kunyange nhasi isu tichifunga kuti ballet inofarira vanhu vakawanda, Degas aikakavadzana nekuisa ruzivo kuvadzimai vevanhu vaVictorian vakafunga kuti vakaputsa miganhu yekuzvininipisa uye kuchena.
Degas akatanga basa rake semunyori wenhoroondo uye haana kumbobvuma zvakakwana izwi rokuti "Impressionist" sezvaaifunga nguva dzose seAistist.
Kunyange zvazvo Degas akashanda pamwe neImpressionist artists vaisanganisira Monet naRenoir, Degas aida nzvimbo dzomuguta, chiedza chekugadzira, uye mifananidzo nemifananidzo yakagadzirwa zvakananga kubva mumhando dzake uye zvidzidzo. Aida kuratidzira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kufamba kwechokwadi kwemuviri. Mukuwedzera kune vatambi vema ballet, iye akaratidza mizariro, mhirizhonga uye zviratidzo zvekuuraya, kwete mabhiriji akanaka nemaruva emvura.
Zvichida kupfuura mamwe emamwe mabasa ake anoratidza vatambi, chifananidzo ichi mupfumi mupfungwa wepfungwa. Pakutanga rakanaka, inenge isinganzwisisiki iyo yakareba inotarisa.
Mukupera kwema1870, Degas akatanga kudzidzisa pachake zvakavezwa mushure mekushanda kwebasa rakashanda mupende uye pastels. Kunyanya, Degas akashanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye nemaune pachishandiswa mucheche wechidiki webhokisi achishandisa muenzaniso waakambosangana naye pachikoro chepallet yeParis Opera.
Mutevedzeri uyu aiva Marie Genevieve von Goethem, mudzidzi weBelgium uyo akanga abatanidzwa nekambani yeParis Opera ye ballet senzira yekubuda muurombo. Amai vake vakashanda mune mbatya uye hanzvadzi yake yakakura yaiva hufeve. (Hanzvadzi yaMaria yakadzidziswawo ne ballet.) Akatanga kuvhura Degas paaiva nemakore gumi nemana, zvakare zvakare paaiva nemakore gumi nemana, vari vaviri vari mumashure uye mumabhande ake. Degas akavaka mufananidzo wakavezwa wakisi yekasa uye kuenzanisa ivhu.
Marie anoratidzwa sezvaangangove ari; musikana kubva kumakoro mashoma kudzidziswa kuva ballerina. Anomira panzvimbo yechina, asi haasi kunyanya kumira. Zvakaita sokuti Degas anomutora munguva pfupi panguva yekuita tsika pane kugadzira pachigamba. Mavhiri ari pamakumbo ake ndeyemumoto uye anoputika uye chiso chake chinoputira mberi mumhepo pamwe nechokuita kutaura kunozvikudza kunotiratidza kuti ari kuedza sei kubata nzvimbo pakati pevatambi.
Ari kubata nekumanikidzirwa nekumanikidzwa uye kugadzirisa kutsunga. Basa rekupedzisira raiva pastiche isina kujairika yezvinhu. Akanga akapfekedzwa nemashiripiti maviri, tutu chaiyo uye vhudzi revanhu zvakasanganiswa mumakisi ndokusungirwa shure neuta.
The Petite Danseuse de Quatreze Ans, sezvaakadanirwa paakatanga kuonekwa muParis pa Sixth Impressionist Exhibition muna 1881, yakabva yava hurukuro yekurumbidza nekunyadzisa. Akatsoropodza Pauro de Charry akarumbidza rwiyo rwe "chokwadi chinoshamisa" uye akafunga kuti iro rakanaka kwazvo. Vamwe vakaona unyanzvi hwezvakaitika zvekuveza muSpain Gothic unyanzvi kana basa rekare reEgipita, zvose izvo zvinoshandiswa nevhudzi revanhu uye micheka. Imwe nzira inogona kuitika inogona kubva mumakore ekugadzira Degas akapedza muNaples, Italy kunoshanyira tete vake avo vakanga varoora Gaetano Bellelli, mutsara weItaly.
Ikoko, Degas angadai akafurirwa nemifananidzo yakawanda yeMadonna yakanga ine bvudzi revanhu, nguo dzejasi, asi uyo aigara achiita sevakadzi vakaderera kubva kumaruwa eItaly. Gare gare zvakazofungidzirwa kuti zvichida Degas akanga achinyangarika muvanhu veParis uye chifananidzo chaicho chaiva mhosva yezvavo maonero ekushanda vanhu vemukirasi.
Vanyori vakaipa vakanga vakanyanyisa uye pakupedzisira zvakakosha zvikuru. Louis Enault akadana mufananidzo wacho "wakangonyanya kuvanza," uye akawedzera, "Haasati wambotaridzirwa zvakashata kukura kwevechiri kuyaruka." Mumwe muongorori weBritain akashevedzera kuti maitiro akaderera akanga atova sei. Zvimwe zvinoshorwa (zvinogona kusvika 30 zvinogona kuunganidzwa) zvinosanganisira kufananidza "Muduku Mucheche" kune Madame Tussaud wax chimiro, vashandi vekugadzira mannequin uye "semi-idiot"
Iyo "Muduku Wechirwere" yakatarwa kunyanya kuongororwa utsinye. Akarondedzerwa sekutarisa semonkey uye kuva ne "chiso chakacherechedza chivimbiso chinonyangadza chezvisikwa zvose." Munguva yeVa Victoriyano kuongorora kwekunyengedzera, ipapo inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye yakagamuchirwa nesayenzi yedzidziso inofanirwa kufanotaura maitiro ehutsika uye pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinobva paukuru hwekranani. Kutenda uku kwakaita kuti vazhinji vatende kuti Degas akapa "Muduku Mucheche" mhedziso yakakurumbira, muromo uye achidzoka pamusoro kuti aratidze kuti akanga ari mutadzi. Uyewo mumuenzaniso wacho waiva pastel mifananidzo neDegas iyo yakaratidza mhondi dzakasimbisa dzidziso yavo.
Degas akanga asingatauri mashoko akadaro. Sezvo aive nawo mumifananidzo yake yose nemifananidzo yevatambi, aifarira kufamba kwemiviri chaiyo yaasina kumboedza kuita. Akashandisa palette yepamusoro uye yakanyorova, asi haana kumboedza kuvhara chokwadi chevanhu vanotonga miviri kana nhengo. Pakupera kwekuratidzwa kweParis, "Muduku Muduku" akapinda unsold uye akadzorerwa kune studio yevhidhiyo iyo yakaramba iri pakati pezvidzidzo 150 zvekuveza kusvikira afa.
Kana ari Marie, zvose izvo zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pake ndezvokuti akadzingwa kubva kune Opera nokuti anonoka kuongorora uye akabva apera kubva munhoroondo nokusingaperi.
Saka zvakanyanya sei "Muduku Muduku wemakore gumi namana" anoguma pamamyuziyamu makumi maviri nemasere?
Apo Degas akafa muna 1917, pakanga pane zvifananidzo zvinopfuura 150 mune wax uye ivhu rakawanikwa mu studio yake. Vadyi venhaka yaDegas vakabvumira kuti makopi apiwe mumhangura kuitira kuchengetedza mabasa akaora uye kuitira kuti vatengese sezvikamu zvakapera. Iyo yekukanda yaive yakanyatsogadziriswa uye yakarongeka nechekurumbira weParis yebhandi yakatanga. Zvinyorwa makumi matatu zve "Little Dancer" zvakaitwa muna 1922. Sezvo nhaka yaDegas yakakura uye Imprintism yakaputika pakuzivikanwa, mabhuroni aya akapiwa sark tutus akawanikwa nemamziyamu pasi pose.
Varipi "Vaduku Dancers" uye ndingavaona sei?
Mifananidzo yekutanga yewax iri muNational Gallery of Art muWashington DC Pakati pekuratidzwa kwakanyanya pamusoro pe "Little Dancer" mugore ra2014, mimhanzi yakatanga ku Kennedy Center yakagadzirwa semuenzaniso semuedzo wezvinyengeri wokubatanidza pamwe chete nevamwe vake vose upenyu hunoshamisa.
Iyo yakagadzirwa nechendarira inogara mumamyuziyamu uye inogona kuonekwa nevoruzhinji iri pane:
Baltimore MD, Baltimore Museum of Art
Boston MA, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Copenhagen, Denmark, Glyptoteket
Chicago IL, Chicago Institute of Art
London UK, Hay Hill Gallery
London UK, Tate Modern
New York NY, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Uyu Muduku Anofambidzana nekakura yakawanda yendarira yakagadzirwa panguva imwe chete.)
Norwich UK, Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts
Omaha NB, Joslyn Art Museum (Chimwe chezvishongo zvekuunganidza)
Paris France, Musée d'Orsay (Kunze kweThe Met, iyi musamuziyamu ine huru yakakura yeDegas mabasa iyo inobatsira kutsanangura "Little Dancer."
Pasadena CA, Norton Simon Museum
Philadelphia PA, Philadelphia Museum of Art
St. Louis MO, Saint Louis Art Museum
Williamstown MA, The Sterling naFrancine Clark Art Institute
Gumi maronzes ari mumagadziro ega ega. Muna 2011, mumwe wavo akaiswa mukutengeswa naChristoe uye akatarisirwa kutora pakati pe $ 25-35 mamiriyoni. Yakakundikana kugamuchira rimwe bhidhi.
Mukuwedzera, pane pepa yepa "Little Dancer" iyo inoramba ichiitirana nharo pamusoro pekuti yakazadziswa naDegas kana kwete. Kana kupiwa kwaDegas kwakanyanya kugamuchirwa, tinogona kunge kune imwe Dancer yakagadzirira kupinda musamu yekuunganidza.