Nhoroondo yeAmish muAmerica
Vanhu veAmish muAmerica mapoka echitendero chekare, zvakananga zvizvarwa zvevaAnabaptist vane gumi nematanhatu-zana remakore eEurope. Kwete kuti irege kuvhiringidzwa neshoko rinopesana neBaptisti, maAnabaptist vaKristu vakapikisa kuchinja kwaMartin Luther nevamwe panguva yePurotesitendi Reformation, vachiramba rubhabhatidzo rwecheche mukubhabhatidzwa (kana kubhabhatidzwa patsva) sevakuru vatendi. Vakadzidzisawo kuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende, chimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisiki muzana remakore rechi16.
Gare gare akazivikanwa seMennonites, mushure meDutch Anabaptist mutungamiri Menno Simons (1496-1561), boka guru revaAnabaptist rakatizira kuSwitzerland nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri kure dziri kuEurope kutiza kubva kutambudzwa kwechitendero.
Munguva yekupera kwema1600, boka revanhu vakazvipira rakatungamirirwa naJakob Ammann rakaparadzana kubva kune vaSwitzerland Mennonite, kunyanya pamusoro pokushayikwa kweMeidung zvakasimba, kana kudzivisa-kubudiswa kunze kwevanhu vasingateereri kana kuti vasina hanya. Zvakanga zvakasiyana nedzimwe nyaya dzakadai sokushambidza tsoka uye kushayikwa kwekusagadzikana kwekutengesa kwejasi. Iri boka rakazozivikanwa seAmish uye, kusvikira nhasi, richiri kugoverana zvakanyanya zvakafanana zvinotendwa sevanamuna vavo veMennonite. Kusiyana pakati peAmish neMennonites kunyanya kune imwe yemapfekero netsika yekunamata.
Amish Settlements muAmerica
Bhuku rekutanga reAmish rakauya muAmerica kwakapoteredza 1730 ndokugara pedyo neLancaster County, Pennsylvania, semubairo we "kuedza kutsvene" kwakaitwa naWilliam Penn mukunamatira kwechitendero.
The Pennsylvania Amish haisi yeboka guru reAmish yeAmerica sezvinowanzofungidzirwa, zvakadaro. AmaAmish akagara mune dzakawanda makumi maviri nemana anotaura, Canada, uye Central America, kunyange ne80% iri muPennsylvania, Ohio, uye Indiana. Pfungwa huru yeAmish iri muHolmes uye inowanikwa kumativi kumadokero kweOhio, anenge makiromita zana kubva kuPittsburgh.
Zvichienderana nehukuru iboka revanhu vaAmish muElkhart uye kumativi akakomba kumadokero kweEngland. Zvino inouya veAmish vagari muLancaster County, Pennsylvania. Vanhu veAmish mu nhamba dzeUnited States vanopfuura 150 000 uye vachikura, nekuda kwekukura kwemazera emhuri (vana vanomwe paavhareji) uye muchechi-nhengo yekuchengetedza kwemaawa anenge 80%.
Amish Orders
Nedzimwe inofungidzira, kune dzakawanda sekuraira masere akasiyana mukati mevanhu veAmish, pamwe nevakawanda vanobatana nemumwe wezvishanu zvechitendero - Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, Andy Weaver Amish, Beachy Amish, uye Swartzentruber Amish. Machechi aya anosununguka kune mumwe nemumwe nekusiyana kwekuti vanoita sei chitendero chavo uye vanoita mararamiro avo ezuva nezuva. The Old Order Amish ndiyo boka guru uye Swartzentruber Amish, nzvimbo yeArt Order, ndiyo inonyanya kuchengetedza.
Nhoroondo yeAmish muAmerica
Zvose zvoupenyu hweAmishi zvinotsanangurwa nemhando yemitemo yakanyorwa kana yemuromo, inozivikanwa seOrnung , iyo inorondedzera zvinyorwa zvekutenda kweAmish uye inobatsira kutsanangura zvinoreve kuva AmaAmish. Kune munhu weAmish, Ordnung inogona kutora zvese zvehupenyu hwehupenyu hwako, kubva pakupfekedza uye bvudzi kusvika kune nzira yegurgy uye nzira dzokurima.
I Ordnung inobva kubva munharaunda kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo uye inoronga kuronga, izvo zvinotsanangura kuti nei uchiona vamwe vaAmish vachikwira mumotokari, asi vamwe vasingatombobvumi kushandiswa kwemagetsi-emhepo.
Amish Dress
Chimiro chekutenda kwavo, mafirimu eAmish anokurudzira kuzvininipisa nekuparadzana nenyika. Chipfeko chemaAmish mumutauro wakareruka, kudzivisa zvose kunze kwekunamatira kunokosha. Nguo inogadzirwa pamba yemicheka yakajeka uye inonyanya kuisa muvara. Varume veAmish, kazhinji, vanopfeka zvipfeko zvakananga uye zvipfeko vasina makirasi, mabheti kana mapepa. Bhudziro harina kumbobvira rakagadzirwa kana kuputika uye rakapfeka neyamusiki. Mabhanhire anoregererwa, sezvakaita zvipfeko, makumbo, uye magasi. Vashandi vevanhu vanotsvaga nemasikirwo emadzitateguru mumitemo yakawanda, asi masaga ejasi nemavhura zvinonamatira nezvikoti nemeso.
Varume vechidiki vanoveura-vhudzira vasati varoorana, asi varume vakaroorana vanofanirwa kurega ndebvu dzavo dzichikura. Mifidhi inorambidzwa. Vakadzi vechiAmish vanowanzopfekedza zvipfeko zvakasimba-mavara nemapurasita marefu uye jira rakazara, rakavharwa nekape uye apron. Havana kumbocheka vhudzi ravo, uye vanopfeka mucheka kana bhun kumusana we musoro wakavanzwa nechecheche chena chena kana bhangi. Nguo inosungirirwa nemapiranga akajeka kana kuvhara, mashizha emucheka mutsvuku uye shangu zvakasvibawo. Vakadzi vechiAmish havabvumirwi kupfeka zvipfeko zvakafanana kana zvishongo. Iyo Ordnung yehurongwa chaiwo weAmish inogona kutongedza nyaya yehupfeko sezvinotsanangurwa sehurefu hwejasi kana upamhi hweganda.
Teknolojia & the Amish
IAmish inopesana nekombiyuta ipi iyo yavanoona inowedzera kukanganisa kwemhuri. Izvo zvinoita kuti isu tose zvedu titore zvishoma sezvakaita magetsi, terevhizheni, motokari, terefoni uye matareta anoonekwa sechiyedzo chinogona kukonzera zvisina maturo, kugadzira kusaenzana, kana kutungamirira vaAmish kure neguta ravo rakabatana uye, , haisi kukurudzirwa kana kugamuchirwa mumitemo yakawanda. Vazhinji veAmish vanosima minda yavo nemichina yakashongedzwa nemabhiza, vanogara mudzimba dzisina magetsi, uye vanofamba-famba mumabhirigi akatasva bhiza. Zvakajairika kumunharaunda dzeAmish kubvumira kushandiswa kwefoni, asi kwete mumba. Pane kudaro, mhuri dzeAmish dzakawanda dzichagoverana foni mune shanty yemapuranga pakati pemapurazi. Magetsi dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakadai semasvingo emagetsi emombe, kupenya magetsi emagetsi pamagogo, uye kupisa misha. Mhepo yekufema inowanzoshandiswa senzvimbo inowanzoita masimba emagetsi mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Hazvisiwowo zvisizvo kuona Amish vachishandiswa kwemazana emakore ekumazana emazana emakore semasikirini emakona akapinza, diapers inokanganisa, uye gasi bhabecue grills nokuti haisi kurambidzwa zvakananga neOrnung.
Technology ndeyekuti iwe uchaona kusiyana kukuru pakati pemirairo yaAmish. I Swartzentruber naAndy Weaver Amish ndivo ultraconservative mukushandisa kwavo teknolojia - Swartzentruber, somuenzaniso, havatombobvumi kushandiswa kwemagetsi ebheteri. Old Order Amish haashandisi zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano asi vanobvumirwa kukwira mumotokari dzemotokari dzinosanganisira ndege uye motokari, kunyange zvisingabvumirwi kuva nazvo. I-New Order Amish inobvumira kushandiswa kwemagetsi, huwandu hwemotokari, masimiro ekurima, uye mafoni mumusha.
Zvikoro zveAmish & Education
AmaAmish anotenda zvakasimba mune dzidzo, asi anongopa dzidzo yepamusoro kuburikidza nekirasi yechisere uye muzvikoro zvavo zvega. AmaAmish haasunungurwi kubva kumatongerwo enyika ekumanikidza kupinda kune imwe giredhi yechisere yakatevedzana nemitemo yechitendero, mugumisiro wekutonga kweDare guru reUnited States muna 1972. Chikoro chimwe-chipinda cheAmish chiri masangano ehurumende, inoshandiswa nevabereki veAmish. Chikoro chinonyanya kuverenga kuverenga kwekutanga, kunyora, masvomhu uye geography, pamwe chete nekudzidzira kumhizha uye kushamwaridzana munhoroondo yeAmish nezvinokosha. Dzidzo ihwowo chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwemusha, nehumiri hwekurima nekugadzira dzimba dzinoonekwa sechikamu chakakosha chekurerwa kwevana vechiAmish.
Amish Family Life
Mhuri ndiyo inonyanya kukosha hutano hwevanhu mune tsika dzeAmish. Mhuri dzakakura dzine vana vanomwe kusvika gumi dzakakurumbira. Mabasa akajeka akaparadzaniswa nekuita zvepabonde kumba kweAmish - murume anowanzoshanda purazi, asi mudzimai ari kushambidza, kuchenesa, kubika, uye mamwe mabasa epamba. Iko kune zvakasununguka, asi kazhinji baba vanoonekwa sevakuru vemhuri yeAmish. ChiGerman chinotaurwa mumusha, kunyange Chirungu chinodzidziswawo kuchikoro. Amish akaroora Amish - hapana kumaroorana kunobvumirwa. Kurambana hakubvumirwi uye kuparadzana hakusi nyore.
Amish Daily Life
VaAmish vanozviparadzanisa nevamwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji vachitaura ndima dzinotevera dzeBhaibheri mukutsigira zvavanotenda.
- "Musasungwa zvisina kukodzera pajoko navasingatendi, nokuti kururama uye kuipa zvakafanana zvakadini? (2 VaKorinte 6:14)
- Budai pakati pavo, muve vatsvene, ndizvo zvinotaura Ishe. (2 VaKorinte 6:17)
- "Uye musazvienzanisa nenyika ino, asi ivai nekushandurwa nekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzenyu kuti muedze izvo zvakanaka, zvinogamuchirwa, uye zvakakwana, kuda kwaMwari." (VaRoma 12: 2)
Nemhaka yechitendero chavo, Amish vanoedza kuzvitsaura kubva kune "kunze," mukuedza kudzivisa miedzo uye chivi. Vanosarudza, pane kudaro, kuvimba ivo pachavo uye dzimwe nhengo dzemunharaunda yavo yekuAmish. Nokuda kwekuzvizviriritira uku, Amish haatori Social Security kana kugamuchira mamwe mahurumende anobatsirwa. Kuzvidzivirira kwavo zvechisimba mumarudzi ose zvinoreva kuti ivowo havashandi muchiuto.
Ungano imwe neimwe yeAmish inoshumirwa neabhishopu, vashumiri vaviri, uye dhikoni - vose varume. Iko hakuna chechi yeAmish iri pakati. Zvitendero zvekunamatira zvinowanikwa mumisha yevanhu vomunharaunda umo masvingo akagadzirirwa kuendeswa kunze kwekuungana kukuru. AmaAmish anonzwa kuti tsika dzinoisunga zvizvarwa pamwe chete uye dzinopa anchor kune zvakaitika kare, kutenda kunotungamirira nzira iyo vanoita nayo mabasa ekunamatira kwechechi, kubhabhatidza, kuroorana, uye mariro.
Amish Kubhabhatidza
VaAmish vanoita rubhabhatidzo rwevanhu vakuru, pane kubhabhatidza vacheche, vachitenda kuti vanhu vakuru chete ndivo vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakajeka pamusoro pekuponeswa kwavo uye kuzvipira kuchechi. Vasati vabhabhatidzwa, vechidiki vechiAmish vanokurudzirwa kuenzanisa upenyu kune imwe nyika, mune imwe nguva inonzi rumspringa , Pennsylvania Deutsch ye "kumhanya-famba." Ivo vachiri kusungwa nemitemo nemitemo yevabereki vavo, asi chimwe chekuregererwa uye kuedza kunobvumirwa kana kukanganwa. Munguva ino vechidiki vazhinji vechiAmish vanoshandisa mitemo yakasununguka yekana mukana wokukwikwidza uye kumwe kunakidza kunofadza, asi vamwe vanogona kupfeka "Shona," utsi, kutaura pamaserurafoni kana kutyaira mumotokari. Rumspringa inopera apo wechidiki anokumbira kubhabhatidzwa muchechi kana kusarudza kusiya zvachose chikwata cheAmish. Vazhinji vanosarudza kugara AmaAmish.
Amish Weddings
Amish michato iri nyore, zviitiko zvinonakidza zvinosanganisira boka rose reAmish. Amish kuroorana inowanzoitwa musi weChishanu neChishanu pakupera kwekupedzisira, mushure mekupedzisira yekukohwa kukohwa. Kubatana kwevamwe vaviri kunowanzochengetwa pakavanzika kusvikira kwemavhiki mashomanana vasati varoorana apo vavariro dzavo "dzakabudiswa" muchechi. Muchato wacho unowanzoitika kumba kwevabereki vemwenga nemutambo wakareba, kuteverwa nemutambo mukuru kune vakakokwa vakakokwa. Mukadzi anowanzoita chigadziro chitsva chemuchato, icho chichazoshanda se "yakanaka" yekupfeka maitiro akazotevera mushure mechato. Bhuruu ndiyo inowanzopfekedzwa yemukati. Kusiyana nehuwandu hwehuchato hwemazuva ano, zvisinei, michato yeAmish inosanganisa maitiro, zvindori, maruva, makateti kana kupikisa. Vasikana vatsva vanowanzopedza usiku hwemuchato mumba maamai vemwenga kuitira kuti vauke mangwanani-ngwanani zuva rakatevera kuti vabatsire kuchenesa imba.
Amish Funerals
Sezvo muhupenyu, kuve nyore kunokosha kune vaAmish mushure mekufa. Mhemberero inowanzoitwa mumba momufi. Basa rekuviga riri nyore, pasina runyararo kana maruva. Caskets ari mabhokisi emapuranga, akaitwa mukati memunharaunda. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeAmish dzichabvumira kubviswa kwemuviri kuburikidza nemudzidzisi wekumba anoziva tsika dzeAmish, asi hapana mazamu anoiswa.
Imariro yeAmish uye kuvigwa inowanzoitwa mazuva matatu mushure mekufa. Vakafa vanowanzovigwa muguva reAmish. Makuva akabatwa. Gravestones iri nyore, kutevera rutendo rweAmish kuti hapana munhu ari nani kupfuura mumwe. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu veAmish, mabwe emabwe haana kunyorwa. Pane kudaro, mepu inochengetedzwa nevashumiri vemunharaunda kuti vazive vagari vemunzvimbo imwe neimwe yemakuva.
Shunning
Shunning, kana meidung zvinoreva kudzingwa kubva munharaunda yeAmish nekuputsa mitemo yezvitendero - kusanganisira kuroora kunze kwekutenda. Muitiro wokudzivisa ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuti AmaAmish akaparuka kubva kuMennonite muna 1693. Kana munhu ari pasi pekuita meidung, zvinoreva kuti vanofanira kusiya shamwari, mhuri, uye kurarama shure. Kukurukurirana kwose uye kushamwaridzana kunogurwa, kunyange pakati pemhuri. Shunning yakakomba, uye kazhinji inofungidzirwa kushandiswa kwekupedzisira mushure mokunge uchingonyeverwa zvakare.