Kunyangwe mushure mekufa kwake mugore ra2013, mutungamiri wekuSouth Africa weNelson Mandela anoremekedzwa pasi rose seimwe yevatungamiri vane simba uye vanodiwa zvikuru munguva yedu. Akapedza makore ake okutanga achirwisana nekusaenzana kwemadzinza akapfuurirwa nehurumende yehutongerwe enyika yeSouth Africa, iyo yaakasungwa nayo kwemakore 27. Mushure mokunge asunungurwa uye kuguma kwekupedzisira kwehutongerwe enyika, Mandela akasarudzwa nechisarudzo semukuru wekutanga weku South Africa wekunyama.
Akazvitsaurira nguva yake muhofisi kuporeswa kweSouth Africa yakaparadzaniswa, nekusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu munyika yose.
Childhood
Nelson Mandela akaberekwa musi waJuly 18th 1918 muMvezu, chikamu cheTranskei munharaunda yeSouth Africa Eastern Cape province. Baba vake, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, vaiva mutongi wekune imwe nyika uye muzukuru weThembu mambo; amai vake, Nosekeni Fanny, aiva wechitatu wevakadzi vaMphakanyiswa vakadzi vana. Mandela akanyorwa Rohlilahla, zita rechiXhosa rinoshandura zvakasununguka se "mutambudzi"; akapiwa zita reChirungu rainzi Nelson nemudzidzisi pachikoro chake chesekondari.
Mandela akakurira mumusha wamai vake muQunu kusvikira ava nemakore mapfumbamwe, apo kufa kwababa vake kwakaita kuti abvumirwe naThembu regent Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Mushure mokunge agamuchirwa, Mandela akapfuura kuburikidza nechirongwa chechiXhosa chinotanga uye akanyoresa mune zvikamu zvezvikoro uye makoroji, kubva kuClarkebury Boarding Institute kuenda kuYunivhesiti ye Fort Hare.
Pano, akabatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvaakagadzirirwa. Mandela akabva kwunivhesiti asina kupedza, uye munguva pfupi pashure pacho akatizira kuGoli kuti apukunyuke muchato wakarongeka.
Zvematongerwe Enyika - Makore Ekutanga
MuJohannesburg, Mandela akapedza B BA kuburikidza neYunivhesiti yeSouth Africa (UNISA) uye akanyoresa kuWits University.
Akataurirwawo kuAfrica National Congress (ANC), boka rinopesana nehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika raitenda kuSouth Africa yakasununguka, kuburikidza neshamwari itsva, muchengeti weWalter Sisulu. Mandela akatanga kunyora nyaya dzekambani yemutemo weJohannesburg, uye muna 1944 vakabatanidza ANC Youth League pamwe chete nemumwe mutsigiri weruzhinji Oliver Tambo. Muna 1951, akava mutevedzeri weChirungu cheMusangano, uye gore rakatevera, akasarudzwa mutungamiri weANC weTransvaal.
1952 yaiva gore rakabatikana raMandela. Akamisa sangano rekutanga rekunyama reSouth Africa neTambo, uyo aizozopedzisira ava mutungamiriri weANC. Akavawo mumwe wevakagadziri veSouth League's Campaign yekutendeseka kweMitemo Yekusaruramisira, chirongwa chekusateerera kusateerera kwevanhu. Kuedza kwake kwakaita kuti ave nechivimbo chake chekutanga chekusimbiswa pasi peKudzingiswa kweKomonism Act. Muna 1956, akanga ari mumwe wevane 156 vaipomerwa mhosva yekupandukira mukutongwa kwakakonzerwa kwemakore anenge mashanu asati apera.
Munguva iyi, akaramba achishanda mushure memaitiro ekuumba sangano reA ANC. Nguva dzose akasungwa uye akarambidzwa kupinda pamisangano yevoruzhinji, aigara achifamba achivhara uye pasi pezita rainzi mazita kuti vadzivise mapurisa emapurisa.
Kurwisana Nehondo
Ichitevera kuuraya kweSharpeville muna 1960, iyo ANC yakarambidzwa zvachose uye maonero aMandela nevamwe vake vakawanda vakaomesa kutenda kuti kurwa chete kwehondo kunokwana.
Musi waDecember 16th 1961, sangano idzva remauto rinonzi Umkhonto weSizwe ( Spear of the Nation), rakagadzwa. Mandela aiva mutungamiriri wavo mukuru. Mumakore maviri akatevera vakaitisa kudarika mazana maviri uye vakatumira vanhu mazana matatu kune imwe nyika kunze kwekudzidziswa zvechiuto - kusanganisira Mandela pachake.
Muna 1962, Mandela akasungwa paakadzokera kunyika uye akatongerwa makore mashanu ari mujeri nekuda kwekufamba asina pasipoti. Akaenda rwendo rwake rwokutanga kuenda kuRobben Island , asi akakurumidza kudzorerwa kuPitoli kunobatana nevamwe gumi vari kupomerwa, vachitarisana nemhosva mitsva yokuparadza. Munguva yemwedzi mitanhatu yakareba Rivonia Trial - yakatumidzwa mushure meRivonia weruwa apo Umkhonto weSizwe akachengetedza imba yavo yakachengeteka, Liliesleaf Farm - Mandela akaita mutauro une tsitsi kubva pachiteshi. Yakataura pamusoro penyika yose:
'Ndarwisana nekutonga kwechena, uye ndakarwisana nekutema kwemavara. Ndakayemura chimiro chehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika uye isina rusununguko umo vanhu vose vanogara pamwe chete mukubatana uye nemikana yakaenzana. Izvo zvakanaka izvo zvandinotarisira kuraramira uye kuzvizadzisa. Asi kana zvichidikanwa ndizvo zvingave zvakanaka kwandiri zvandiri kugadzirira kufa '.
Dare rakapera nevane vasere vari kupomerwa, kusanganisira Mandela akawanikwa aine mhosva uye akatongerwa kuiswa mujeri. Mandela akagara kwenguva refu paRobben Island akanga atanga.
The Long Walk to Freedom
Muna 1982, mushure memakore gumi nemasere akaiswa mujeri kuRobben Island, Mandela akaendeswa kujeri rePollsmoor muKapa uye kubva ikoko munaDecember 1988, kuenda kujeri reVictor Verster muPaarl. Akaramba kupa kwakapiwa kuti aone kubvumirana kwemahedheni madema akanga aiswa panguva yekuiswa mujeri, izvo zvaizomubvumira kudzokera kuTranski (ikozvino hurumende) uye kurarama hupenyu hwake kutapwa. Akaramba zvakare kurega chisimba, achirega kutaurirana zvachose kusvikira ari munhu akasununguka.
Muna 1985 zvisinei, iye akatanga 'hurukuro pamusoro pehurukuro' pamwe naIpapo Mutongi weKubvumira, Kobie Coetsee, kubva mujeri rake. Nzira yakavanzika yekukurukurirana nehutungamiri hweANC muLusaka yakagadziridzwa. Musi waFebruary 11th 1990, akasunungurwa kubva mujeri mushure memakore 27, mugore rimwechete iro kubvumidzwa kweANC kwakasimudzwa uye Mandela akasarudzwa sevamiririri veANC. Hurukuro yake yechipupuriro kubva kubhandi reCape Town City Hall uye kudanidzira kwekukunda kwe 'Amandla! '(' Simba! ') Yaiva nguva inotsanangura muAfrica. Hurukuro dzinogona kutanga nemwoyo wose.
Upenyu Pashure Kokuiswa Mujeri
Muna 1993, Mandela uye Mutungamiri FW de Klerk vakagamuchira pamwe chete Nobel Peace Prize nekuda kwekuedza kwavo kuunza kuguma kwehurumende yehutongerwe enyika. Gore rakatevera, musi waApril 27th 1994, South Africa yakabata sarudzo yekutonga. Nhengo yeANC yakakunda kukunda, uye musi waMay 10, 1994, Nelson Mandela akapikira mutevedzeri wekutanga wekuSouth Africa, mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika akasarudzwa. Akataura pakarepo kwekuyananisa, achiti:
'Hazvamboiti, hazviiti uye hazvizovizve zvakare kuti nyika yakanaka iyi ichaonazve kudzvinyirirwa kweumwe neumwe uye inotambura kushorwa kwekuva skunk yenyika. Ita rusununguko kutonga. '
Munguva yake semutungamiriri wenyika, Mandela akagadza Komisheni yeChokwadi neKuyananisa, chinangwa chayo chaiva chekuongorora zvinyorwa zvakaitwa nemativi maviri ehondo munguva yehutongerwe enyika. Akataurira hutungamiri hwemagariro evanhu uye hupfumi hwakagadzirirwa kutarisana nehurombo hwehurombo hwevanhu vorudzi, uyewo kushanda kuvandudza ukama pakati pemadzinza ose eSouth Africa. Yaiva panguva ino iyo South Africa yakazozivikanwa se "Rainbow Nation".
Hurumende yaMandela yakanga yakasiyana-siyana, sarudzo yake itsva yakaratidza chido chake chekubatana neSouth Africa, uye muna 1995, akakurudzira vose vatsva nevatsvene kuti vatsigire kuedza kweSouth Africa rugby team - izvo zvakaguma zvichibudirira mukukunda muna 1995 Rugby World Cup.
Private Life
Mandela akaroorwa katatu. Akaroora mudzimai wake wokutanga, Evelyn, muna 1944 uye akava nevana vana vasati varambana muna 1958. Gore raitevera akaroora Winnie Madikizela, waaiva navana vaviri. Winnie aive nemhosva yakakura yekusika Mandela nhepfenyuro kuburikidza nebasa rake rakasimba rekusunungura Nelson kubva kuRobben Island. Imba yacho yaisagona kupona mamwe mabasa aWinnie zvisinei. Vakaparadzaniswa muna 1992 mushure mokunge aine chivimbo nokuda kwekutorera uye zvokuwana zvekushungurudza, uye akarambana muna 1996.
Mandela akarasikirwa nevana vake vatatu - Makaziwe, akafira mucheche, mwanakomana wake Thembekile, akaurayiwa mumatambudziko emotokari apo Mandela akaiswa mujeri kuRobben Island, uye kuMakgatho, uyo akafa neAIDS. Imba yake yechitatu, pamakore ake makumi masere ekuberekwa, muna July 1998, yakanga iri kuna Graça Machel, chirikadzi yemutungamiri weMozambique ainzi Samora Machel. Akava mukadzi oga munyika kuti aroore vatungamiri vaviri vemarudzi akasiyana. Vakaramba vakaroora uye iye akanga ari parutivi rwake sezvaaipfuura musi waDecember 5, 2013.
Makore Akazotevera
Mandela akatsika semutungamiri muna 1999, mushure mekunge imwe nguva muhofisi. Akaonekwa kuti aiva nekenza yeprostate muna 2001 uye zvakasununguka kubva pamusangano wehupenyu muna 2004. Zvisinei, akaenderera mberi achishanda chinyararire panzvimbo yezvipo zvake, Nelson Mandela Foundation, neNelson Mandela Children's Fund uye Mandela-Rhodes Foundation.
Muna 2005 akapindira nekuda kweAIDS vakaurayiwa muSouth Africa, vachibvuma kuti mwanakomana wavo akanga afa nechirwere ichi. Uye pamakore ake ekuberekwa kwekutsvaga 89 akasika Vakuru, boka revakuru vakuru vehurumende, vaisanganisira Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson naDesmond Tutu pakati pezvimwe zviedza zvepasi pose, kupa "kutungamirirwa pamatambudziko epasi. Mandela akabudisa nhoroondo yake, Long Walk kuenda kuRugare , muna 1995, uye Nelson Mandela Museum yakatanga kuvhurwa muna 2000.
Nelson Mandela akafira pamba pake muGoli musi waDecember 5, 2013 pazera remakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri, mushure mekurwa kwenguva refu nekurwara. Dzimba dzaibva kumativi ose enyika dzakapinda chirangaridzo muSouth Africa kurangarira mumwe wevatungamiri vatungamiri venyika.
Nyaya iyi yakarongedzwa uye yakanyorwa zvakare muchikamu chaJessica Macdonald musi waDecember 2, 2016.