Murume ane simba kwazvo muSouth America - muzuva rake
Simón Bolívar akanga ari munhu akaoma. Akanga ari munhu akanaka, mutongi akachengeteka munhaka yake uye chimiro, murume akadzidziswa uye akadzika-fungai avo vaifarira zvinhu zvakaitwa nenzira yake, muoni uye zvekuchinja.Akaberekwa musi waJuly 24, 1783 muCaracas, mwanakomana wevanyori vezvakanaka, vana Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte nemudzimai wake, doña Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, uye makore ake okutanga akazadzwa nezvose zvinobatsira yepfuma uye nzvimbo.
Vadzidzisi vakapa hurumende yakanakisisa mumasikiriniki, kusanganisira nhoroondo uye tsika yeRoma yekare neGrisi, pamwe chete neo-classical maitiro anozivikanwa muEurope panguva iyoyo, kunyanya avo veFrance muzivi wezvematongerwo enyika Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Vabereki vake vakafa paaiva nemakore mapfumbamwe, uye Simón wechiduku akasara ari kutarisirwa nababamunini vake, Carlos naEsteban Palacios. Carlos Palacios akamusimudza kusvikira ava nemakore gumi nemashanu, panguva iyo akatumirwa kuEurope kuti aenderere mberi nesangano naEsteban Palacios. Ari munzira, akamira muMexico, uko akashamisa Viceroy nemafungiro ake okusununguka kubva kuSpain.
MuSpain, akasangana ndokudanana zvikuru naMaria Teresa Rodríguez del Toro yAlaysa waakaroora muna 1802, paaiva nemakore gumi namapfumbamwe. Vakabva vakaenda kuVenezuela gore rakatevera, chisarudzo chakaipa, nokuti Maria Teresa akafa nehuvha fever gore risati rasvika. Achinetseka, Simón akapika kuti haazombozoroori zvakare, mhiko yaakachengetedza kwehupenyu hwake hwose.
Kudzokera kuSpain muna 1804, Simón akazviona shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika apo Napoleon akazviti Mambo uye akagadza munun'una wake Joseph pachigaro cheSpain. Akasununguka nekutendeuka kweNapoleon yemutambo wake wepakutanga wezve republican, Simón akagara muEurope, achifamba, achipupurira kuchinja kudzokera kumadzimambo uye madzimambo.
Yaiva muItaly kuti akaita mhiko yake yakakurumbira kuti asambozorodza kusvikira South America ikasununguka.
Paakadzokera kuVenezuela, Simón akashanyira kuUnited States, uko pasina mubvunzo akaona musiyano pakati penyika itsva yakazvimiririra uye makoloni eSpain muSouth America. Muna 1808, Venezuela yakabudisa rusununguko kubva kuSpain naAndrés Bello, Luis López Mendez naSimón vakatumirwa kuLondon pane imwe nhume. Simón Bolívar akadzokera kuVenezuela musi waJune 3, 1811 uye munaAgasti akaita hurukuro yaida kutonga. Akatora chikamu muhondo yeValencia pasi pemurairo waFrancisco de Miranda, ainzi Precursor. Miranda akaberekerwawo muCaracas, muna 1750, ndokubatana neuto reSpanish. Akanga ari musoja ane ruzivo, akarwisana muAmerican Revolution uye French Revolutionary Wars, uye mubasa raCatherine Catherine, vasati vauya nechinangwa chekuvandudza muVenezuela muna 1810.
Miranda akaita semudzvinyiriri weVenezuela kusvikira vaMambokadzi vekuSpain vakamanikidza kukunda kuValencia ndokumusunga. Simón Bolívar akaenda kuCartagena, kwaakanyora Cartagena Manifesto umo akatsigira kubatana pakati peVenezuela neNew Granada kuti vawane rusununguko kubva kuSpain.
Akange akabudirira, uye nekutsigirwa kubva kuNew Granada, iyo yakabva yava Colombia, Panama uye chikamu chemazuva ano veVenezuela, yakapinda muVenezuela. Akatora Merida, ipapo Caracas, uye akaparidzirwa El Libertador . Zvakare, kubudirira kwaiva kwechinguva uye akamanikidzwa kuti atizire kuJamaica, kwaakanyora tsamba yakakurumbira kubva kuJamaica. Mushure mokunge Miranda afa muna 1816, uye achibatsirwa kubva kuHaiti, Bolívar akadzokera kuVenezuela muna 1817 uye akapfuurira mberi.
Hondo yeBoyaca musi waAugust 7, 1819 yakanga iri kukunda kukuru kweBolívar nemasimba ake. IAngostura Congress yakatangira Gran Colombia kubva kunyika dzemazuva ano dzeVenezuela, Colombia, Panama, uye Ecuador. Bolívar akatumidzwa zita ramutungamiri uye akaenderera mberi kusimbisa hurumende itsva nekuenderera mberi hondo dzeSpain naAlex José de Sucre, mukuru weuto uyo akaita semutungamiriri mukuru weBolívar; Francisco Antonio Zea, vami-mutungamiriri kubva 1819 kusvika muna 1821; uye Francisco de Paula Santander, visi-mutungamiriri wenyika kubva muna 1821 kusvika muna 1828.
Panguva ino, Simón Bolívar akanga ari munzira yake yekuva munhu ane simba muSouth America.
Mumakore akatevera Hondo yeBoyaca, kutonga kweSpain kwakakundwa uye maRoyalists akakundwa. Nekukunda kwaAlex Antonio José de Sucre pakupedzisira muHondo yePhinhincha musi waMay 23, 1822, kuchamhembe kweSouth America kwakasunungurwa.
Simón Bolívar nevatungamiri vake zvino vakashandura kumaodzanyemba kweSouth America. Akagadzirira mauto ake kuti asunungure Peru. Akagadzira musangano muGuayaquil, Ecuador, kuzokurukura zano naJosé de San Martín uyo aizivikanwa seRaberator weChile uye Mudziviriri wePeru, uyewo Knight of the Andes uye Santo de la Espada kuti akunde muArgentina uye Chire.
Simón Bolívar naJosé de San Martín vakasangana voga. Hapana anoziva mazwi avakatsinhanisa, asi mhinduro yehurukuro yavo yakasiyiwa Simón Bolívar semukuru mukuru. Akashandura simba rake kuPeru, uye pamwe naSure, akakunda hondo yeSpain muHondo yeJunín musi waAugust 6, 1824. Pashure pekukunda kweHondo yeAkayacucho musi waDecember 9, Bolivar yakanga yazadzisa chinangwa chake: South America yakanga isina .
Simón Bolívar ndiye munhu ane simba zvikuru kuSouth America.
Akashandura kuedza kwake kusimbisa hurumende muhumbwa iyo yaive yakatarisa kwemakore. Pakazosvika August we1825, akanga akagadzirira. Musi waAugust 6, 1825, Sucre akaunganidza Congress of Upper Peru iyo yakaumba Republic of Bolivia mukukudza kweBolívar. Simón Bolívar akanyora Mutemo weBolivia muna 1826, asi haina kumbobviswa.
Muna 1826, Bolívar yakadana Congress yePanama, musangano wekutanga wehemispheric. Simón Bolívar akafungidzirwa kubatana kweSouth America.
Izvozvo zvakanga zvisina kudaro.
Mhirizhonga yake yakashata vamwe vevatungamiri. Vachiparadzanisa kufamba kwakasimuka. Hondo yepaguru yakaita kuti kuparadzwa kweGran Colombia kuve nyika dzakasiyana. Panama yaiva chikamu cheColombia kusvikira yapera muna 1903.
Simón Bolívar, achitsvaka kuurayiwa kwaaidavira kuti aive Mutevedzeri-Mutungamiri Santander, akasiya basa rake muna 1828.
Akakanganiswa uye ane shungu, achitambura nechirwere chetachiona, akasiya upenyu hwevanhu vose. Paakafa musi waDecember 17, 1830, Simón Bolívar akavengwa uye akatuka. Kuzivisa kwake kwokupedzisira kunoratidza kusuruvara kwake apo achitaura nezvekupa upenyu hwake nehupfumi kumusana wekusununguka, kurapwa nevavengi vake uye kubatwa kwezita rake. Asi, anovakanganwira, uye anokurudzira vavakidzani vake kuti vatevere mitemo yake uye vanotarisira kuti rufu rwake ruchabvisa matambudziko uye kubatanidza nyika.
Chii chakaitika kune nyika Simón Bolívar akasunungurwa?
José Antonio Páez akatungamirira sangano rinoparadzanisa iro muna 1830 rakaita Venezuela nyika yekutonga. Pakati pezvakawanda zvehupfumi hwazvo kubvira ipapo, rudzi rwave rwakatungamirirwa ne caudillos (vezvematongerwe enyika) kubva kune chikoro chekugara.
General Sucre akashanda semutungamiri wekutanga weBolivia kubva muna 1825 kusvika muna 1828, gore rakakonzera kupindira kubva kuPeru. Akatungamirirwa naAndrés Santa Cruz uyo akanga ashumira seBolívar mukuru wevashanduri vashandi. Muna 1835, Santa Cruz yakaedza kubatana pakati peBolivia nePeru nekupinda muPeru uye kuva mudziviriri wayo. Zvisinei, akarasikirwa nehondo yeYungay muna 1839, uye akatizira kuutapwa kuEurope. Nhaurirano uye kupandukira kunowanzoitika gore negore kubva panguva iyo yakaratidza nhoroondo yezvematongerwe enyika yeBolivia.
Ecuador, apo yakatanga kusarudzwa nyika, yaive inenge kaviri iyo yakakura iko zvino. Yakarasikirwa nenharaunda mukuenderera mberi kwemhirizhonga yemiganhu neColombia nePeru, dzimwe dzacho dzichiri kukakavadzana. Nzvimbo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinopesana pakati pevanhu vanochengeteka avo vaida kuchengetedza mamiriro epo eoligarchy nechechi, uye avo vakasununguka vanoda hurumende yekuvandudza, vakapfuurira muzana remakore raitevera.
Peru yakarwa nemiganhu yemiganhu nenyika dzakapoteredza. Purovhinzi yePeruvia yakatungamirirwa nevatongi vehupfumi avo vaichengetedza tsika dzakawanda dzechiSpanish, vachidziparadzanisa nevarombo, kunyanya kubva kumadzinza. Vapanduki uye udzvinyiriri vakava tsika yehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika.
MuColombia, zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi zvakashata pakati pevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vakagadzirira nyika kuhondo dzehurumende uye kudzvinyirira.
Izvi zvakaramba zvichienda muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Mukuedza kukunda kukakavadzana kwenyika uye kupesana, nyika yakapiwa mutemo mutsva uye, muna 1863, yakashandurwa muRussia yezvematunhu mapfumbamwe ainzi United States of Colombia.
Nenguva refu mushure mekufa kwake, mukurumbira waSimón Bolívar wakadzorerwa uye nhasi anoremekedzwa seSouth America guru guru, The Liberator. MuVenezuela neBolivia zuva rake rekuberekwa rinochengetwa sezororo renyika. Zvikoro, zvivako, vana, maguta muSouth America uye kune dzimwe nyika anotumidzwa zita rake.
Nhaka yake inopfuurira.
Ona kuti Bolívar haatauri, chivi hachina kumira. Porque Bolívar tiene que hacer en América todavía.
Zvakaita Bolívar zvakasunungurwa, zvisati zvaitika nhasi. Bolívar ine zvinhu zvakare zvokuita muAmerica.
(kushandurwa nemutungamiri wako)
Ichi chirevo chaJosé Martí, mutungamiri weCuban, mudetembi, uye mutori wenhau (1853-1895) uyo akazvipira hupenyu hwake kuti apedze kukononi muCuba nedzimwe Latin America nyika, zvichiri kuwedzera nhasi.
Achifunga kuti mumwe wevanyori vakakura venyika yeSpain, pfungwa dzaJosé Martí dzakakonzera vatungamiri vakawanda vezvematongerwo enyika vakamutevera.
Martí akatenda kuti rusununguko uye ruramisiro zvinofanira kunge zviri zvivako zvehurumende chero ipi zvayo, iyo inonzwika inopesana nemafungiro aSimón Bolívar kuti hurumende inofanira kushandiswa sei. Republic republicanism yaBolívar yakanga yakavakirwa pane zvaaifunga, uye kududzirwa kwayo kwekare repamusoro yeRoma uye maonero eAnglo-French ezvematongerwo enyika.
Muchidimbu, aya ndiwo maitiro makuru:
- Raira sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha.
- Tricameral mutemo nemasimba akasiyana uye akawandisa akanyorwa
- A nhaka uye nyanzvi yeSenate.
- Muviri weCensor unobudisa hurumende "simba rekuita".
- Gungano rinonyanya kusarudzwa rezvemitemo.
- Ihupenyu hukuru hwehupenyu hwakatsigirwa nehusimba, hurumende inoshanda kana vashumiri.
- Nzira yekutonga yakabviswa masimba emutemo.
- Mumiriri wemasarudzo.
- Kuzvigadzirira zvehondo.
Kukura kweBolivarvar Republic muLatin America mune zvematongerwo enyika nhasi kunobva pamitemo iyi yaSimón Bolívar nemashoko aMartí. Nekusarudzwa kwaHugo Chavez semutungamiri weVenezuela, uye kuchinja kwenyika kuenda kuBolivarian Republic of Venezuela, dzakawanda dzemitemo yeBolivar inoshandurirwa mune zvematongerwe enyika nhasi.
p] Kushandisa vimbiso yeBirívar yeUnidos seremos invencibles (vakabatana, isu hatizogoni kuitika), "Mutungamiri Chávez nevateveri vake havana kumbovanza chinangwa chavo chekuchinja chinzvimbo chekutora vatungamiri vemazuva eVenzuelan nekunyora mitemo mitsva yemutambo yaizowedzera kuwedzera, kuderedza uori, kukurudzira kururamisira kwevanhu, kuisa hutano hwakanyanya uye kujeka kuva hurumende nekugadzirisa zvakanyanya kodzero dzevanhu. "
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Pane imwe simba, Mutungamiri Chavez akatendeukira kumutemo mutsva, umo Rugwaro 1 runoti:
"Bhivarivarian Republic of Venezuela haigoni kusununguka uye yakazvimiririra uye inotsigira tsika dzaro dzekunamata uye rusununguko hunhu, kuenzana, kururamisira uye rugare rwepasi rose, maererano nedzidziso yaSimon Bolivar, Libertador.Ukuzvimirira, rusununguko, hutongi, hutongi, hutongi hwakakwana uye nyika kuzvisarudzira kune kodzero dzomutemo. " (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Constitución Bolivarina de Venezuela, 1999)
Pasinei neBrivarivarian Republic yeVenezuela ichabudirira isati yasimbiswa. Asi chinhu chimwe chechokwadi ndezvekuti: kukurudzirwa pasi pebumbiro idzva uye zvigumisiro zviri pasi pekuongororwa zvakanyatso.
Uye vamwe kushorwa.