Kusvikira Tichikanganwa: Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941

01 ye 08

Prelude to War - The Plan for War is Completed

Kuka kwehondo pakati peUnited States neJapan musi waDecember 7, 1941 kwaive, munzira dzakawanda, kusingagoni. Mafuta embargo uye kupisa kwezvinhu zveJapan muzhizha ra1941 zvaiva zviratidzo zvematongerwo enyika eUnited States okurwisana nekutambudza kweJapan uye kukunda muChina nekuSouth Asia.

Mutemo weJapane waiva umwe wevasina kukanganisa. Kudiwa kwezvipo zvekuwedzera kwaive kuve kukuru.

Pane imwe nguva kugadziriswa kwakasvika kwaingova nyaya yekanguva hondo isati yabuda, asi zhizha nekuwa kwa1941 zvaidiwa nemativi maviri kuti agadzirire kudzivisa.

Hurumende yehurumende muJapan yakanga yakatarisira kugadzirisa rugare. VaMasitori vaida nguva yekugadzirira hurongwa hwavo. IUnited States yaidawo nguva yekugadzirira hondo pamusoro pepamberi pekumusha uye kusimbisa hondo yayo nemauto ehondo muPacific.

Apo Mukuru Hiddeki Tojo akasarudzwa mukuru weJapan pakati pemwedzi waOctober 1941, chero mukana wekugadzirisa runyararo kwakanga kwaenda. Mukutanga kwaNovember, Japanese Army neNavy yakagumisa "Central Agreement" ichirondedzera chirongwa chokukunda.

Chikamu chikuru chegadziro ichocho chaisanganisira kuparadzwa kweUnited States Pacific Fleet iri paPearl Harbor. Urongwa hwehondo hwakapera.

02 of 08

Vangave vaAmerican Leaders Vachiziva Kurwiswa Kwepamberi Here?

Kunyange zvazvo nhoroondo isingashanduki pane kazhinji kusakwanisa kubvumirana nevanyori venhau dzakaitika pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvakawanda zvikuru. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vacharamba vachikakavadzana pamusoro pekuti unoziva sei hurumende yeUnited States yekuuya kwehondo inouya. Pano pane kunyange kufunga kwakasimba kuti vatungamiri vedu vainyatsoziva kurwiswa kusati kwaitika uye havana kuita chimwe chinhu kuti chidzivirire. Kudai kuurawa kwePearl Harbor kusina kuitika, ruzivo rwevanhu uye rwezvematongerwo enyika harungambobvumi kuti US iite hondo muhondo.

Zvakawanda zvehupenyu zvinoenderana nemafungiro evanhu, uye zvinoenderana nemigumisiro yechiitiko chacho. Vakawanda vedu takakura tichidzidziswa kuti kurwiswa kwePearl Harbor kwaive "kurwiswa kwekutya" kune rudzi rusingafungi. Iko kangani isu tose tanzwa mazwi iwayo muFranklin D. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Speech inotsanangura musi waDecember 7, 1941 se "zuva richagara muhupombwe"?

Muzvokwadi, kurwiswa kwePearl Harbor kwaive kwakagadzirirwa uye kwakarongwa zvakanaka, yakagadzirirwa neAdmiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Mutungamiriri-mukuru-weJapan akabatana nemakungwa. Kukundikana kwakanga kusiri muurongwa kana kuurayiwa kwechirwere. Kukundikana kwaiva kune chikamu chevane simba muJapan kuti vanzwisise kuti kurwisa kwakadaro, apo vachipa kukunda kukuru, vaizobatanidza nekusimudzira rudzi uye saka vanosimudzira kusarudza kwavo, kuti kukundwa kweJapan kwakanga kusingadzivisiki sezvo hondo pachayo . Kunyange zvazvo maJapan, kunyange zvakadaro, akakunda hondo, kurwisa kwePearl Harbor kwaizoonekwa nenzira yakasiyana.

03 of 08

Tora! Tora! Tora! - IJapan Navy Inopikisa US Bases paHawaii

Musoro wehurukuro muChimwe Chinyorwa cheHololulu Star-Bulletin musi waDecember 7, 1941 chakanga chakajeka. "Hondo! Oahu Bhombwa neZimbabwe Planes".

Pakazosvika 6:00 mangwanani yeHawaiian, vatakuri veJapan vakamira makiromita anenge mazana maviri kuchamhembe kweO`ahu vakatanga kutanga mavhiri ekutanga. Iyi mhepo yakange ine mapurisa 183 kusanganisira dive-bombers, torpedo bombers uye varwi. Shandisa Honolulu redhiyo redhiyo kuti iende kumba pane zvinangwa zvavo, ndege dzeJapan dzakananga kuchitsuwa chacho. Pakati pematanhatu matanhatu eEarmy mobile-search radar units paO`ahu, chimwe chete chakanga chichishanda mangwanani eDecember 7, 1941. Pazvaiona ndege dzisingazouya, hapana kuongororwa kwakanyanya kwakapiwa nevakuru vavo kuti ichi chakanga chiri kukurwisa simba rinokurumidza kusvika kwavari .

Panenge muna7: 40 mangwanani, pakuona gungwa reO`ahu, yekutanga ndege yeJapan yakaita zvirongwa zvekurwisa uye yakaramba ichienda kune zvinangwa zvavo. Yakanga iri munenge muna7: 53 mangwanani kuti Mutungamiriri Mitsuo Fuchida akarayira mutakuri wevatakuri kuti US Pacific Fleet yakanga yatorwa nekushamiswa kwakakwana. Mharidzo yake yaiva neshoko rimwe chete, rinodzokidzwa katatu, " Tora! Tora! Tora! " ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!"). Nenguva ino yechipiri kurwisa wave yakanga yatova hafu yekuenda kune zvinangwa zvavo.

Vakarohwa mangwanani iwayo vaiva Ford Island, nhandare dzendege pa Wheeler, Hickam, Ewa uye Kaneohe, uye gare gare Bellows Field. Maminitsi mashomanana vazhinji vevaAmerican fighters, mabhomba, uye mapuraneti ndege dzakaparadzwa kana kukuvara. Chero mukana wekudzivisa wakabviswa.

04 of 08

Hondo yeBattleship Inokurwiswa - US Pacific Fleet paPearl Harbor Yakaparadzwa

Nokupikiswa kwemweya kwakabviswa, pakanga pane nzira yakajeka kune chinangwa chikuru, US Pacific Fleet yakatungamirwa kuPearl Harbor. Takagovera Mepu yeZvikepe zveShips musi waDecember 7, 1941 nekuda kwako.

Sezvinorondedzerwa muhupenyu hwavo paPearl Harbor paThe History Place: "Vanhu veAmerica vanotorwa zvakashamiswa.Vokutanga kurwisana kunotarisa mhepo dzomumhepo uye zvombo zvehondo.Ichipiri chinotarisa zvimwe zvikepe uye zvikepe zvekutakura. Pakati pezvikepe zveUnited States, zvikepe zvisere zvakasvibiswa, uye zvishanu zvakanyura.Vatatu vatatu vanofamba-famba, vatongi vatatu nemidziyo miduku mitatu vanorasikirwa pamwe chete nemakiromita 188. VaJapan vanorasikirwa nemapuraneti makumi maviri nemazana mashanu emagetsi emvura akaedza kupinda mukati mechikepe uye kutanga torpedoes.

Icho chikepe chehondo USS Arizona mushure mokunge bhomba raipinda mukati mokutanga magazini ichikonzera kuputika kukuru uye kuuraya varume 1,104.

Kubva kukanganisa kubva pakurwiswa ndiko kunowanzoita, avo vatatu veU.S. Pacific Fleet vakatakura ndege, Lexington, Enterprise neSaratoga izvo zvisiri pachiteshi. Uyewo kupukunyuka kukanganisa ndevhesi dzomotokari.

Nhamba yekutadza inosanganisira 2,335 servicemen uye 68 vagari vakaurawa, uye 1 178 vakakuvadzwa. Inosanganisira varume gumi nemakumi mana vari muuto reUnited States, Arizona, vakaurayiwa mushure mokunge bhomba re air pound 1,760 rakapinda mumagazini inotanga kukonzera kuparadza. "

05 of 08

Mushure - Mhirizhonga Mutemo Yakasarudzwa uye Hondo Inotora Hurumende yeHawaii

Nguva pfupi mushure mekurwiswa uye mune tarisiro yekuuya kweJapan kuAwaii, mauto ehondo akatora nzvimbo dzakapoteredza nzvimbo dzose dzezvitsuwa zvikuru. Mabhiri apo mauto aigona kuve akafukidzirwa nechipingamupinyi chipi zvacho chinogona kudzivisa kubhururuka.

Zvikepe zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende zvakatorwa neHondo. Zvose ndege dzedunhu dzakagadzirwa. IHawaii Territorial Guard yakabatanidzwa sezvakanga iri zvikwata zveROTC kubva kuYunivhesiti yeHawaii uye zvikoro zvepamusoro.

Zuva rakatevera musi waDecember 7, uye mushure mekupikiswa kwekutanga naGavhuna Joseph B. Poindexter, mutemo wehondo wakatanga kuziviswa uye zvinyorwa zve habeas corpus zvakamira. Gavhuna Walter C. Pfupi akabudisa chiziviso chaakazivisa kuti akanga achitora hurumende uye achitora nzvimbo yegavhuna wemauto weHawaii. Pakutanga kwaifungidzirwa kuti mutemo weuto rehondo unongogara kwenguva pfupi, zvisinei, chaizvoizvo yakagara kwemakore anenge matatu.

Zvivako zvehurumende pamwe neIolani Palace zvakashandurwa kuva mahofisi ehondo. Zvitsuwa zvacho, chaizvoizvo, zvakashandurwa kuva rimwe boka guru remauto. Izvo mitemo yemartial yakauya kusviba, nguva yekuvhara nguva, kugovera, kuvharidzira kwemashoko nemakisi, kunorambidzwa nezvimwe zvinorambidzwa. Makambani eJapan aiva nemabhizimisi uye mabhuku akavharwa.

06 of 08

Dzimba dzekuchengetwa dzakasimbiswa - Dare reMasvingo Rokutonga Hawaii

Kusungwa kwevagari vemo vaifungidzirwa kuva nengozi kana kusafungira kwakatangwa nemapurisa emunharaunda, Army Intelligence uye FBI. Vakawanda vezvizvarwa zvekuJapan vakatamirwa kunzvimbo dzakasungwa asi nhamba yevagari vemadzinza eJapan uye avo emamwe masimba ane utsinye akanga akawandisa zvikuru kuti arege kufamba kwevanhu vose. Chirongwa chekubuda kubva ku100,000 kubva kuJapan kubva kuHawaii chaifungidzirwa, asi chakarambwa.

Matare edzimhosva akatsiva madare edzimhosva uye mutemo wemauto waiva mutemo wenyika yevarwi nevanhu vese.

Vose vagari vakanga vane zvigunwe zveminwe uye vaifanira kutakura makadhi ekuzivikanwa nguva dzose. Vagari vemo vairambidzwa kubata mari inopfuura madhora mazana maviri nemari. Mabhizimisi aive akaregererwawo.

Pasinei nekukakavadzana kunopfuurira pakati pevatungamiri vehurumende uye vehondo vatongi vehondo vairamba vachiita mune imwe nzira kana imwe kusvikira musi waOctober 24, 1944. Kunyange mushure mokupera kwemitemo yehondo, Hawaii yakaramba ichisarudzwa senzvimbo yehondo uye nguva yekudzivirira nguva uye kusviba kwakasara kusvikira munaJuly 11, 1945.

07 of 08

Hawaii Nhasi - Tinoyeuka Pearl Harbor uye USS Arizona

Nhasi, zviyeuchidzo zvehondo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda muHawaii. Apo vatashanyi vanokwira kumusoro kweDondon Head vanobuda kuburikidza nemubhedha unoshandiswa sekarindiro yekurwisa ndege dzevengi. Pearl Harbor uye USS Arizona Memorial vanoyeuchidza vose vanovashanyira nezvebasa rinokosha reHawaii muhondo uye yevakafa vakafa musi iwoyo unotyisa.

Muzviwi zvose zvimwe zviyeuchidzo zvinowanikwa, zvakadai seWorld Memorial Memorial muNational Cemetery yePacific paPunchbowl, World War II Memorial mumugwagwa weHotolulu kana zviduku, asi sechisimba, Waialua-Kahuku Hondo Yenyika II Chirangaridzo kuHaleiwa Beach Park, Oahu.

Pane chimwe chinhu chisingagoni kukanganwa kana mumwe akamira pamberi pezviyeuchidzo zvinokudza avo vakafira muHondo Yenyika II. Nhamba yevakafa inosanganisira varume vakawanda vekuJapan vane vabereki, vanasekuru navanasekuru kana vanasekuru navanambuya vanouya kuHawaii vanobva kuJapan kuti vatange hupenyu hutsva. Mazita evarume ava amire kumusoro, ari pasi uye pasi peavo vanobva kumativi ose, maChinese, maPhilippines midzi uye avo veHawaii ropa, vose avo vakabayira hupenyu hwavo kuchengetedza rusununguko ivo, mhuri dzavo nesu.

Hondo dzinorwiswa nevanhu. Vakawanda vevarume ava vanofa. Hondo dzinotanga nevamwe, kazhinji zvisingasviki, vakagara zviuru zvemaira kubva pakufa.

Vaya vakarwa uye vakafa muhondo dzeHondo Yenyika II, kazhinji, varume vanokudzwa, vangave vaAmerica, British, German, French, Japanese kana kubva kune imwe nyika dzakawanda dzakabatanidzwa.

08 we 08

Tinoyeuka Kuti Hatingakanganwi

Zvakawanda zvenyika zvakashanduka kubvira pakuguma kweHondo Yenyika II. Hawaii yave iyo nyika ye50 uye vanhu vekuJapan vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, maChinese midzi, maPhilippines midzi, uye maHawaiian midzi vanogara pamwe murugare muzviwi izvi.

Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti hutano hwehupfumi hweHawaii nhasi hunoenderana nekushanyirwa kwete chete kubva kuUnited States nyika asiwo kubva kuJapan.

Asi, zuva rino gore negore, tinomira kuti tifunge avo vakafa musi iwoyo makore 74 apfuura. Hatiyeukwi kuitira kuti tidzorere zvakare kuyeuka kwekanguva apo nyika yakashata. Hatiyeukwi kuitira kuti titonge avo vakatirova. Tinoyeuka kuti tirege kukanganwa avo vakafa uye kuti tirege kukanganwa kuti hatifaniri kumbobvumira kuti zviitike zvakare.

Muchiitiko chawakakanganwa tinokukumbira kuti uverenge Nhoroondo Yakajeka yePearl Harbour Hondo Yenyika II iyo yatakaongorora nhoroondo yenharaunda iyo inozivikanwawo se "Wai Momi", zvinoreva kuti "Mvura yePearl" kana "Pu` uloa ", kubva pamazuva aro ekare kusvikira kwangotanga Hondo Yenyika II. Takaongororawo migumisiro yekusimudzirwa kwenharaunda neuto reUnited States pamutauro weHawaii.