Musi waDecember 16, vanhu vekuSouth Africa vanopemberera Zuva reKuyananisira, zororo revanhu vose rinoyeuka zviitiko zviviri zvinokosha, zvose zviri zviviri zvakabatsira kugadzira nhoroondo yenyika. Izvo zvakanyanya kuitika izvi ndezvokuumbwa kweMkhonto weSizwe, ruoko rweuto reAfrica National Congress (ANC). Izvi zvakaitika musi waDecember 16, 1961, uye yakaratidza kutanga kwehondo yakarwisana nehutongerwe enyika.
Chiitiko chechipiri chakaitika makore 123 zvisati zvaitika, musi waDecember 16th 1838. Ichi chaiva Hondo yeRopa River, yakaitwa pakati pevaDutch vaigara uye varwi veZulu vaMambo Dingane.
Nhoroondo
Apo vaBritish vakarovera Cape mukutanga kwema1800, varimi vakataura chiDutch vaisa zvikwama zvavo pamakumbo engoro ndokubva vatamira kunze kweSouth Africa vachitsvaga nyika itsva dzisingakwanisi kutonga kweBritain. Vaya vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakazozivikanwa seVoortrekkers (Afrikaans kushanyira vatungamiri kana mapiyona).
Zvichemo zvavo pamusoro peBritish zvakataurwa muGreat Trek Manifesto, yakanyorwa naVa Voortrekker mutungamiri Piet Retief munaJanuary 1837. Zvimwe zvekunyunyuta kukuru zvakasanganisira kusava nerutsigiro rwakapiwa neBritain maererano nekubatsira varimi kudzivirira nyika yavo kubva muchiXhosa madzinza emuganhu; uye mutemo mutsva unorwisana neuranda.
Pakutanga, vaVoortrekkers vakasangana nekushora kana kusakundikana sezvavakatamira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kuenda mukati meSouth Africa mukati.
Nyika yacho yakaita seisina vanhu vemadzinza-chiratidzo chehondo yakaoma zvikuru yakanga yafamba nomunharaunda mberi kweVoortrekkers.
Kubva muna 1818, madzinza eZulu ari kuchamhembe akanga ava simba guru rehondo, kukunda mhuri duku uye akavakumbira pamwe chete kuti aumbe umambo pasi pekutonga kwaMambo Shaka.
Vakawanda vevapikisi vaMambo Shaka vakatizira kumakomo, vachisiya minda yavo uye vachibva kune imwe nyika. Yakanga isiri nguva refu, zvisati zvaitika, VaVoortrekkers vasati vapinda munharaunda yeZulu.
The Massacre
Retief, pamusoro weVoortrekker ngoro yechitima, akauya kuNatali munaOctober 1837. Akasangana nemambo wamambo weku Zulu, King Dingane, mwedzi gare gare, kuti aedze kutaurirana nehuwandu hwemunda. Maererano nenhau, Dingane akabvuma - pamamiriro ezvinhu apo Retief akatanga kutora mamiriyoni ezvipfuwo zvemombe dzakabvamburwa kubva kwaari nemuvengi Tlokwa mukuru.
Retief nevarume vake vakabudirira kutora mombe, vachizviendesa kune guta guru rehurumende yeZulu muna February 1838. Musi waFebruary 6, Mambo Dingane aisayina chibvumirano chekupa nyika yeVoortrekkers pakati peDrakensberg Mountains uye mugungwa. Nguva pfupi mushure mekupedzisira, akakoka Retief nevarume vake kumambo wamambo kuti vanwe mvura vasati vaenda kunyika yavo itsva.
Paakanga apinda mumba, Dingane akarayira kuurayiwa kweRetief nevarume vake. Hazvina chokwadi nei Dingane asarudza kuzvidza chikamu chake chechibvumirano. Mamwe magwaro anoratidza kuti akatsamwa nekutamba kwaRetief kuisa pfuti nemabhiza ku Zulu; vamwe vanotaura kuti aitya kuti chii chingaitika kana Voortrekkers ane zvombo uye zvombo zvaibvumirwa kugara mumiganhu yayo.
Vamwe vanodavira kuti mhuri dzeVoortrekker dzakanga dzatanga kugara munyika iyo Dingane asati asayina chibvumirano ichi, chiito chaakatora sechiratidzo chekusaremekedza tsika dzeku Zulu. Chero zvaaifunga, kuurayiwa kwacho kwakaratidzwa neVoortrekkers sechiito chokutengesa chakaparadza chitendero chiduku chakange chakavapo pakati peBoers neChiZulu kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya.
Hondo yeRopa River
Munzvimbo yose ye1838, hondo yakarohwa pakati peZulu neVoortrekkers, mumwe nomumwe akasarudza kuparadza mumwe. Musi waFebruary 17th, varwi veDingane vakarova misasa yeVoortrekker kumativi ose eBushman's River, vachiuraya vanhu vanopfuura 500. Pakati pezvi, makumi maviri chete chete vaiva varume vachena. Vamwe vose vaiva vakadzi, vana uye vashumiri vemajaya vaifamba neVoortrekkers.
Mhirizhonga iyi yakauya kumusoro musi waDecember 16 pachitsiko chisina kujeka paNcome River, uko simba reVoortrekker ravarume 464 vakanga vadzika musasa mubhangi.
VaVoortrekkers vakatungamirirwa naAndries Pretorius uye nheyo inotaura kuti usiku hwakatangira hondo, varimi vakatora mhiko yekupemberera zuva sezororo rechitendero kana vakabuda vachikunda.
Mambakwedza, pakati pe10 000 ne20 000 varwi veZulu vairwisa mavhiri avo, vachitungamirirwa nemutungamiri Ndlela weSompisi. Nekubatsirwa kwepfuti kumativi avo, vaVoortrekkers vakakwanisa kukunda nyore nyore avo vanorwisa. Pakati peusiku, Zulus dzinopfuura 3 000 dzakafa dzakafa, nepo vatatu veVoortrekkers vakakuvadzwa. VaZulus vakamanikidzwa kutiza uye rwizi rukayerera neropa ravo.
The Aftermath
Kutevera hondo, vaVoortrekkers vakazokwanisa kudzorera miviri yaPiet Retief nevarume vake, vachiviga musi waDecember 21st 1838. Zvinonzi vakawana nyika yakasayirwa mari pakati pezvinhu zvevarume vakafa, uye vakashandisa iyo kuisa nyika. Kunyange zvazvo makopi emubhadharo aripo nhasi, chepakutanga rakarasika panguva yeHondo yeAnglo-Boer (kunyange vamwe vachifunga kuti hazvina kumbovapo zvachose).
Ikozvino pane zvinoyeuchidzwa zviviri paRwizi River. Ropa Rwizi Nzvimbo Yenzvimbo Yakakura inosanganisira yakagadzikana kana kuti yakavhara ngoro dzendarira dzakagadzirwa, dzakagadzirirwa panzvimbo yehondo kuti dziyeuchidze vatsigiri veVoortrekker. Muna November 1999, mutungamiri weKwaZulu-Natal akazarura Ncome Museum kumabvazuva kwehova. Iyo yakatsaurirwa kune zviuru zvitatu zvehondo zveku Zulu izvo zvakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo uye zvinopa kududzirwa zvakare kwezviitiko zvinotungamirira kukakavadzana.
Pashure pokusunungurwa kubva muhutongerwe enyika muna 1994, chiitiko chekurwisana, musi wa16 December, chakaziviswa sezororo revanhu vose. Zita Zuva reKuyananisa, zvinoreva kushanda sechiratidzo che South Africa itsva yakabatana. Izvo zvakare kubvuma kwekutambudzika kunoitwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana munyika yose yevanhu nevanhu vemarudzi ose nemapoka emadzinza.
Nyaya iyi yakashandurwa naJessica Macdonald musi waJanuary 30th 2018.