Kuberekwa kwerwizi, rapids nemapaki emarudzi
IOorinoco rwizi rwemvura ndeimwe yeiyo yakakura muSouth America, inobva kumativi ekumaodzanyemba kweVenezuela neBrazil, muAsiaas. Iyo yakareba yakareba yorwizi haisati yasimbiswa, uye inofungidzirwa pakati pe1 500 kusvika 1 700 mi (2 410-2735 km) yakareba, ichiita kuti ive pakati penyika dzakawanda dzemvura.
Gungwa reOrininoco rakakura, rinofungidzirwa pakati pe880 000 uye 1 200 000 sq km.
Zita rokuti Orinoco rinotorwa kubva kuGuarauno mazwi anoreva "nzvimbo yekutakura" -ie, nzvimbo inofamba netsoka.
Inoyerera kumadokero, iri kuchamhembe, ichigadzira muganhu neColombia, uye inoshanduka kumabvazuva uye inobvisa Venezuela munzira inoenda kuAtlantic. Kumusoro kweOorinoco ndiyo yakakura, masango ane matongo anonzi llanos . Kuenda kumaodzanyemba kwerwizi rwacho anenge inenge hafu yendima yeVenezuela. Huge tropical forest areas inowedzera kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu chikamu, uye zvikamu zvikuru zvisati zvisingakwanisi kusvika. I Guiana Highlands, inozivikanwawo seGuyana Shield, inofukidza zvasara. Iyo Guyana Shield inoumbwa ne-Pre-Cambriam rock, kusvika kune mabhiriyoni maviri emakore emakore, uye dzimwe dzekare kudarika kondinendi. Heinoi tepuis , mabwe ematombo ari kurera musango. Tepuis inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeRoraima uye Auyantepui, iyo Angel Falls inotsika.
Nzizi dzinopfuura 200 ndezvenzvimbo dzeAininoco dzine simba dzinosvika makiromita 1290 (2150 km) kubva kunzvimbo kuenda kune delta.
Munguva yemvura, rwizi runosvika makubhiti gumi nemaviri (22 km) kuSan Rafael de Barrancas uye yakadzika 330 ft (100 m). 1000 mi (1670 km) yeOrinoco vanofamba nechikepe, uye inenge 341 yeiyo inogona kushandiswa pakufamba nengarava huru.
Mvura yeOrinoco inoumbwa nenzvimbo dzenyika.
Alto Orinoco
IOorinoco inotanga paDelgado Chalbaud mugomo, rwizi rwakakwirira, ruduku uye nemvura zhinji uye yakaoma, masango. Chinhu chinonyanya kuwira munzvimbo ino, pa 56 ft (17 m) iSalto Libertador. Navigation, kana zvichibvira pane chikamu cherwizi, ndeyekudzikisa zvishoma, kana bwato. Makiromita 100 kubva kumugwagwa, iyo yekutanga yokutanga, iUgueto, inobatanidza Orinoco. Kubva ipapo, kunyura kunononoka uye mvura inonaya ikava rapids, inokurumidza uye yakaoma kufamba. 144 makiromita (240 km) kumvura, iyo High Orinoco inoguma neGuariharibos rapids.
Amazonas ndiyo nyika yakakura yeVenezuela, uye ine mapaki maviri makuru kwazvo enyika, Parima Tapirapecó uye Serranía de la Neblina, pamwe nemapaki maduku uye zvivako zvepanyama, zvakadai seCroro Autana, tepuy kumaodzanyemba kwePuerto Ayacucho, iyo iri gomo dzvene reNyika yePiaroa avo vanozvitenda kuti ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yezvose.
Iyi ndiyowo nyika yevanhu vemadzinza mazhinji, mazita anozivikanwa ndeye Yanomani, Piaroa uye Guajibo. Puerto Ayacucho, iyo inofanirwa nechokufambisa ndege nehanzvadzi dziri mukati nekunze kweCaracas nedzimwe maguta maduku, ndiyo inopinda nharaunda kuenda kuhurumende. Kune vashanyi uye nzvimbo dzekutengeserana. Lodgings, inozivikanwa semisasa, inopa zvikamu zvakasiyana siyana zvenyaradzo.
Inzvimbo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiyo Yutajé Camp, muManapiare Valley kumabvazuva kwePuerto Ayacucho. Iine kambani yayo yepamusoro uye inogona kugadzirisa kusvika kuvanhu makumi matatu.
Migwagwa mukati nekunze iri parwizi uye nemhepo, asi migwagwa iri kuvakwa nekuchengetedzwa, kunyanya kune imwe kuSamariapo, inopfuura yepamusoro pemapapiro. Tora iyi Virtual Tour yeRwizi nemiti kubva kuAsiaas.
Orinoco Medio
Pamusoro pemakiromita anenge 450 (750 km), kubva kuGuhariribos rapids kuenda kuApials rapids, Orinoco inosvika kumadokero kusvikira rwizi rweMavaca rwunosangana naro uye mvura inodzokera kumaodzanyemba. Mamwe matanho akaita seOcamo inopinda mukati uye rwizi rukawedzera kusvika 1320 ft (500 mamita) uye dombo rejecha rinoumba zvitsuwa zvishoma murwizi. Nzizi dzeCasiquiare neEmermerda dzinoputika kubva kuOrinoco kuti dzibatanidze kune imwe kuti dzigadzirire Rio Negro iyo inosvika kuAmazon.
Rwizi rweCunucunuma runozvibatanidza, uye veVoinoco vachamhembe kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, kumiganhu yeGuyanese Shield. The Ventuari rwizi runounza jecha rakakwana kuti igadzire mabhandi paSan Fernando de Atabapo. Apo maAtabapo, Guaviare uye Irínida nzizi dzinobatana nekuyerera, Orinoco inowedzera kusvika 5000 ft (1500 m).
Vazhinji vevaVenezuelan vagoriginal vagari vanogara mukati meAininoco River. Mapoka evanhu anonyanya kukosha emunharaunda anosanganisira Guaica (Waica), inozivikanwa se Guaharibo, uye Maquiritare (Makiritare) ekumaodzanyemba kwemaodzanyemba, Warrau (Warao) yedunhu re delta, uye Guahibo uye Yaruro yekumadokero kweLlanos. Idzi vanhu vanogara muukama hwepedyo nenzizi dzebhaini, vachizvishandisa sechinhu chekudya pamwe nechinangwa chokukurukurirana. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Zvimwe zvinowanikwa mumvura, zvichiwedzera mvura inoyerera nekugadzira mutsva wezvipembenene zvine simba paMaipures neMapurisa kubva kuPua Ayacucho.
Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo chete iyo Orinoco isingasviki.
Bajo Orinoco
Kuwedzera kubva kuAles rapids kuenda kuPiacoa, iyi makiromita 570 (950 km) inogamuchira zvakawanda zvehova dzinotyisa. Apo Meta inopindira, rwizi runotendeukira kumadokero, uye neCinacuro, Capanaparo uye Apure nzizi, rinodzokera kumabvazuva. Manzanares, Iguana, Suata, Pao, Caris, Caroní, Paragua, Carrao, Caura, Aro uye Cuchivero nzizi dzinowedzera kuOrico's bulk.
Rwizi urwu rwakakura uye runononoka.
Ichi chikamu cheOrininoco ndiyo yakanyatsokurudzirwa uye inogarwa. Sezvo mafuta acho achikwira pakati pezana remakore rechi20, kushambadzira, kutengeserana uye huwandu huri kukura. Ciudad Bolívar neCiudad Guayana vakagadzira mumaguta anokosha, akavakwa akakwana zvakakwana kubva kumhenderekedzo yerwizi kuti arege kuchengeta mafashamo.
Pakati pezviwi zviri murwizi paCiudad Bolívar ndiye Alexander von Humboldt anonzi Orinocómetro . Inoshanda sechiyero chechiyero chekusimudza uye kuwira kwerwizi. Hapana nguva chaiyo pamwe chete neOrinoco, asi nguva yemvura inotumidzwa sechando. Inotanga munaEpril uye inopera munaOctober kanaNovember. Mvura-kutuka kwemvura kunobva kumakomo kunotakura tsvina nematombo nezvimwe zvinhu kubva kumakomo kusvika kuOrococo. Asingakwanisi kutora izvi zvakanyanya, rwizi runomuka uye runofashamo llanos uye nzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Nguva yakakwirira yemvura inowanzoitwa munaJuly, apo urongwa hwemvura paCiudad Bolívar inogona kubva kubva ku40 kusvika ku 165 mamita zvakadzika. Mvura inotanga kudzoka munaAugust, uye munaNovember zvakare zvakare pakaderera.
Yakatangwa muna 1961, Ciudad Guayana, nechokumucheto kweCiudad Bolívar, inobereka simbi, aluminium, uye pepa, nekuda kwechigadziro chakagadzirwa naMacagua neGuri madhamu paMvura yeKaroní.
Kukura muguta reVenezuela rinokurumidza kukura, rinokurudzira pamusoro pemvura uye rakaisa muzana remakore rechitanhatu reSan Félix kune rumwe rutivi uye guta idzva rePuerto Ordaz pane rimwe. Kune imwe nzira huru pakati peCaracas neCiudad Guayana, asi zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvekufambisa munzvimbo yacho zvichiri kushandiswa neOrinoco.
Iyi Virtual Tour inokupa pfungwa yeiyo yose yorwizi uye kukura kwemabhizimisi munzvimbo yeBolívar.
Delta del Orinoco
Inzvimbo ye delta inosanganisira Barrancas uye Piacoa. Gungwa reAtlantic rinoumba hwaro, 165 mi (275 km) kure pakati Pedernales neGulf of Pariah kuchamhembe, uye Punta Barima uye Amacuro kumaodzanyemba, iye zvino inowedzera 12 000 sq km (30,000 sq km), ichiri kukura mu ukuru. Kushambadzira muhukuru nekudzika ndiko Macareo, Sacupana, Araguao, Tucupita, Pedernales, Cocuima chiteshi pamwe nebazi reGrande river.
Iyo delta yeOrinoco inogara ichichinja sehova inounza dzimba kuumba uye kuwedzera zviwi, kuchinja nzira uye mvura inonzi caños . Inenge ichienda kunzvimbo yeAtlantic, asi sezvo sediment inounganidza uye inopararira kunze, kuyerwa kwayo kunobatanidza kunyura kunoshandurawo nzvimbo yepamusoro ye delta. Dredging inochengetedza midzi mikuru yakazaruka yekufamba, asi mumigwagwa yekare, uko ma mangroves uye zvinomera zvinotyisa,
Tortola, Isla de Tigre uye Mata-Mata ndezvimwe zvezvitsuwa zvinowanikwa zviri nani zve delta.
I Delta del Orinoco (Mariusa) iri mumupata unobatanidza 331000 mahekitare emasango, matope, mangrove, maruva akasiyana siyana nemafuta. Iyo imba yeWarao dzinza dzinoramba dzichiita mararamiro avo emuvhimi / vabati vehove. Ita delta pano inowanzosvika pakuita zvakanyanya. Pano zvakare cueva del Guácharo, mubako ane prehistoric petroglyphys yakawanikwa naHumboldt sezvaakaongorora nzvimbo yacho.
Makamu nemaruva akagara munzvimbo yacho anopa vashanyi mukana wekuongorora mapeji nehombe duku, hove, kunakidzwa nemafuta uye nyama.