Zuva rimwe nerimwe, ndege dzinopfuura 100 000 dzinogara dzakarongedzerwa dzinobva kumapurisa uye dzinoenda kune dzimwe nharo pasi rose. Zvizhinji zveizvi ndezvokutengesa ndege, kutakura zviuru zvemarudzi zuva rimwe nerimwe kana kubva kumisha yavo pasi pose. Vakawanda vevatasvi vayo havafungi nezvekodhidhiya inopinda muchishamiso chekutiza, kana zviuru zvevanhu pasi pose vakange vasina kufara.
Kunyange zvazvo kufamba nendege imwe yenzira dzakachengeteka dzekutakura nhasi, nzira iyi yekufambisa yakanga isiri nguva dzose yakavimbika yezvose. Sezvo kutanga kwevatasvi vengarava, vanhu vanopfuura 50 000 vakarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo mumatambudziko ebhazi dzisina kukwanisa kutonga. Zvisinei, kubva pazvibairo zvavo, mafirimu ezuva ranhasi akakura kuti ave imwe yenzira dzakachengeteka uye dzakanakisisa dzekutengesa dziripo munyika yose.
Ndezvipi zviitiko zvakakura zvemakwikwi zvakakanganisa nhaurirano yevapambi pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura? Heano mienzaniso mishanu yekuti njodzi dzezvikwata dzinokonzera kuuraya dzakaita kuti ndege yepamhepo isachengeteke kune vanofamba mazuva ano pasi rose.
1956: Grand Canyon Mid-Air Collision
Munhoroondo yakare yeAmerica yekutengesa ndege, guru reCc Canyon pakati pemhepo yakakonzerwa nharo yezvokutengesa yakaipisisa munhau panguva iyoyo. Nekuda kwechiitiko chechiitiko cheAmerica yepashamba yezvakaitika, nzvimbo yekuputsika yakasarudzwa se US National Historic Landmark muna 2014 uye ndiyo chete inzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kune chimwe chinhu chakaitika mumhepo.
Chii chakaitika: Musi waJune 30, 1956, TWA Flight 2, Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, yakabatana mumhepo neUnited Airlines Flight 718, Douglas DC-7 Mainliner. Mushure mokunge ndege mbiri dzichibva kuLos Angeles International Airport dzichitungamirira kumabvazuva, nzira dzavo dzakayambuka pamusoro peGree Canyon muArizona. Nokusangana zvishomanana nevatengesi vengarava uye vachibhururuka munzvimbo dzisina kutarisana nemhepo, ndege mbiri hadzina kuziva pane imwe yacho, uyewo vakanga vasingazivi kuti vakanga vachipindirana pane imwe nzvimbo.
Somugumisiro, ndege mbiri dzakaguma dzichibhururuka panguva imwe chete nekukwirira, zvichikonzera pakati pemhepo yekupesana. Vose 128 mweya vari mukati mairi ndege dzose vakaurayiwa semugumisiro wenjodzi ndokukonzera kuparara muGree Canyon.
Chii chakachinja: Chiitiko ichi chakajekesa chinetso chakakura neAmerica yekusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvemhepo panguva iyoyo: hazviwanzogadziriswa zvekufamba kwemhepo panguva iyoyo. Kudzora kwemhepo kwakaparadzaniswa pakati pevarwi veuto reUnited States, iyo yaigara ichienda mberi, uye dzimwe dzose ndege, sezvinotungamirirwa neChristian Aeronautics Board. Somugumisiro, kwaiva nezviverengero zvisingasviki-zvisina kuitika zvinotaurwa pakati pezvikwata zvekutengesa, kana ndege dzekutengeserana dziri pedyo pedyo-dzisina kukanganisa ne ndege dzehondo.
Makore maviri mushure mekuparadzwa kweGrand Canyon, Congress yakapfuudza Federal Aviation Act muna 1958. Chiitiko chacho chakaberekera Federal Aviation Agency (gare gare Federal Federal Airways), iyo yakatora simba rose reAmerican airways pasi pekubata, kubatana kwakabatana. Nekunatsiridza kwekombiyuta, pakati pemhepo yekupopotedzana uye pedyo-zvisina kuitika zviitiko zvakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti pave neruzivo rwakachengeteka rwekubhururuka kune vose.
1977: Tenerife Airport Disaster
Imwe ngozi yakaipisisa yemapurisa munhau yepamitambo yakasvibiswa haina kuitwa panzvimbo huru yekunze kana sechiito chehugandanga nemaune asi panzvimbo iyo inosanganisira ndege duku kuSpain kuCanary Islands nekuda kwekusawirirana pakati pevatyairi vengoro.
Musi waMarch 27, 1977, Tenerife Airport Disaster yakatora upenyu hwevanhu 583, apo ndege mbiri dzeBoing 747 dzakabatana pamugwagwa weLos Rodeos Airport (yava kunzi Tenerife-North Airport)
Zvakaitika: Nokuda kwekuputika kwebhomba paGran Canaria Airport, ndege dzakawanda dzinotungamirira kunhandare yemhepo dzakaendeswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomumhepo dziri munzvimbo yacho, kusanganisira Los Rodeos Airport kuTenerife. KLM Flight 4805 nePan Am Flight 1736 dzakange dzine mabhiri maviri eBoing 747 akaenderedzwa kuenda kudiki ndege sechikonzero cheGran Canaria Airport Kuvhara.
Kamwe kona yendege yakasunungurwa zvakare, vose vanomwe 747 vaida zvakare kugadzika kuitira kuti vabudirire kubva ndege. Hondo yeKLM yakarayirwa kuenda kumagumo emugwagwa uye inoshandura madigiri 180 kuti igadzirire kutora, asi iyo ndege yePam Am inorayirwa kuti ibvise gwagwa nenzira yechitima.
Mhepo yakakura haina kuita kuti zvisizvo zvisingakwanisi kuti ndege idzi dzirambe dzichitarisana nemumwe, asiwo yePan Am 747 kuti ione yakakodzera taxiway. Kushamwaridzana kwakashata pakati pevatyairi vakazoita kuti ndege yeKLM itange zvirongwa zvavo zvekutora pamberi pePan Am 747 yakajeka, zvichiguma nekukonana kukuru kwakauraya vanhu 583. PaPam Am ndege, vanhu 61 vakapukunyuka kuparara.
Chii chakashandurwa: Somugumisiro wenhanho, huwandu hwezvidziviriro zvekuchengetedzwa hwakanga hwakangoerekana hwagadziriswa kuti hudzivise dambudziko rekukura uku kubva kuitika zvakare. Mhirizhonga yenyika yose yakabvumirana kushandisa Chirungu semutauro wakawanda wekutarisana kwemashumo ekufambisa kwemhepo, necheti yemitauro yakazara inotaurira hutano hwose pakati pezvikepe. Mushure mokunge chiitiko cheTenerife, izwi rokuti "kubvisa" rinoshandiswa chete apo ndege inopupurirwa yakabviswa kuti ibve ndege. Mukuwedzera, mirayiridzo mutsva yegomba remapurisa yakapiwa kuvheti vemitambo, iyo inonyanya kusimbisa kugadziriswa kwemapoka emapoka, panzvimbo pokuti mutyairi aite zvisarudzo zveboka rose.
1987: Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771
Kunyange zvazvo ma1970 aipupurira kumhirizhonga dzinowanzoitika kune ndege kumativi ose enyika, kazhinji kacho yakanga isingatambudziki kana kuti yakaipa sezvakaitika pasi pePacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771. Munguva yehurwendo rwakarongwa nguva dzose kubva kuLos Angeles kuenda kuSan Francisco musi waDecember 7, 1987, mumwe aimbova mushandi akatarisa ndege yevatariri vepamitima, vachiuraya vafambisi vengoro uye vachiunza ndege iri kuCalifornia yeCentral Coast.
Chii chakaitika: Mushure mekunge kutengwa kwePacific Southwest Airlines neU.SAir, aimbova mushandi, David Burke akadzingwa kubva kune kambani pamhosva dzehovha shomanana, mushure mekubira $ 69 mu-flight cocktail risiti. Mushure mekunge aedza kudzorera basa rake pasina, Burke akatenga tekiti yekuendesa maneja wake akanga aripo, nechinangwa chokumuuraya.
Burke haana kutendeuka muzvinyorwa zvake zvemhepo, achimubvumira kudarika kuchengeteka nemutoro wekutakura. Mushure mokunge ndege yacho ichisvika kumhepo, Burke angave akatarisana nemutungamiriri wake, vasati varaira jongwe uye vachiuraya vafambisi vechikepe. Inzvimbo yekutonga yakazosimudzirwa mberi, ichiunza ndege iri kuSanta Lucia Makomo pakati peCayucous naPaso Robles, California. Pakanga pasina avo vakapona muchiitiko chacho.
Chii chakashanduka: Somugumisiro wekurwisa, mapoka maviri ehurumende neCongress vakashandura mitemo yevaimbova vashandi vepanhandare. Kutanga, vashandi vese vekutsvaga ndege vaifanira kubvisa pakarepo zvikwangwani zvavo, nokudaro vachibvisa ruzivo rwekuwana nzvimbo dzakachengetedza ndege. Chechipiri, mvumo yakaiswa panzvimbo inoda kuti vashandi vepamusoro pese vabvise kushanda kwekuchengetedzwa kwakafanana sevatasvi. Pakupedzisira, nokuti vatungamiri vazhinji veKevron Oil Company vakanga vari mukati mendege iyo, makambani mazhinji akachinja mitemo yavo kuti vaiti vashandi vabhururuke pazvikepe zvakasiyana, kana paitika ngozi.
1996: ValuJet Flight 592
Vafutu vainge vari vapenyu muna 1996 vanogona kuyeuka zvakajeka chiitiko chakakonzera ValuJet Flight 952, uye pakupedzisira chakaunza mutoro wekutengesa mari yakawanda pakufa kwayo. Musi waMay 11, 1996, McDonnell-Douglas DC-9 ane makore 27 achibhururuka kubva kuMiami kuenda kuAtlanta akauya pasi muFlorid Everglades nguva pfupi mushure mekunge atora, achiuraya vanhu 110 vari munharaunda yacho.
Chii chakaitika: Asati atora, kambani yekugadzirisa yeValuJet yakatakura mabhokisi mashanu ekupera kwemaikemiksijinijini generator mundiza. Panzvimbo pepurasitiki mapfuti akavhara pfuti, pini nemabote zvakanga zvakafukidzwa nemataipi. Munguva yematekisi, ndege yacho yakawana jolt kubva padhamasiko, ichichinja magetsi eokisijeni uye ichiita chimwe chete. Somugumisiro, iyo inogona kusunungura okisijeni uye yakatanga kupisa kusvika inofungidzirwa kuti inopisa yepamusoro ma-digrii Fahrenheit.
Somugumisiro, moto wakavhuvhuta mumutoro wekutakura kwemhepo wakachengetwa, wakabatwa nemhepo inopisa, makadhibhobho mabhokisi, uye oksijeni inouya kubva munogona. Mhepo yakakurumidza kupararira muimba yevatakuri, ichichinyungudutsa zvakakosha kutengesa tambo yegege. Maminitsi gumi nemashanu mushure mekunge ndege yacho yapera, yakaburuka nekukurumidza kusvika kuFlor Everglades, ichiuraya vose.
Chii chakashandurwa: Somugumisiro wenjodzi uye kupfupiswa, FAA yakatanga kutumirwa kushandura pakarepo ndege dzeAmerica. Kutanga, zvese zvitsva uye zvino zvinoita ndege zvinosanganisira kusanganisa utsi mumotokari inobata, kunyorera kubhendi. Mukuwedzera, mutoro unobata unofanira kuva nemoto kushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvakagadzirirwa kuvhara moto kutakura moto uye pakupedzisira kuchengetedza ndege kusvikira yadzokera kune imwe ndege. Pakupedzisira, kambani yekuvhara zvinhu mukati memutoro wekutakura yakaitwa mhosva yepamhosva nekuda kwezviito zvavo uye pakupedzisira yakamanikidzwa kuvhara mikova yavo zvakanaka.
1996: TWA Flight 800
Apo TWA Flight 800 yakaparara kubva mudenga musi waJuly 17, 1996, dambudziko racho rakazoita sechinhu chisingafungi. A Boeing 747 isina chiitiko chezvakaitika zvose zvakawira pasi kubva kudenga 12 maminiti mushure mekutora kubva kwaJohn F. Kennedy International Airport. Nenguva iyo, TWA Worldport yakava nharaunda yekunamatira mhuri uye vashandi, sezvo nyika yakaedza kuisa zvidimbu pamwe chete pane zvakashata.
Chii chakaitika: Maminetsi gumi nemaviri mushure mokunge TWA Flight 800 yakabva kuJFK, ichienda Roma ichimira muParis, ndege yacho yakaita seyikuputika pasina chikonzero chiri mudenga reusiku. Imwe ndege iri pedyo yakashuma kune vatongi vemagetsi vanoona kuputika kunenge makiromita 16 000 mumhepo, kuteverwa nemamwe mimwe mishumo. Kutsvaga uye kuponesa maitiro zvakatsvairwa panzvimbo yacho, asi hazvina zvazvinobatsira: vose vanhu 230 vari mundiza yacho vakaurayiwa mushure mokunge kuputika.
Chii chakashanduka: Pashure pekutsvakurudza kwenguva refu kwakatonga hugandanga uye airframe kuneta, vaongorori veNational Transportation Safety Board vakatsanangura kuti ndege yacho yakaputika nokuda kweshoko rakashata. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, "chiitiko chinodzvinyirira" munhandare iyo inotyisa tangi inogona kukonzera kukundikana nokukurumidza, zvichiita kuti kuputika kweputika uye kuparadzana. Kunyange zvazvo chironga chakakonzerwa kare chakanga chagadziriswa kuti chigadziriswe kupenya kwema ndege , chikanganiso chakanga chisina kugadziriswa pazvikwata izvi zveBoing. Nokudaro, iyo NTSB yakakurudzira ndege dzose itsva dzichibatanidza kune tangi itsva yefurairi uye mirayiridzo yakabatana-wiring, kusanganisira kuwedzera nitrogen-inerting systems.
Mukuwedzera, njodzi iyi yakapa Congress kukurudzira kupfuudza Bhuku reAviation Disaster Family Assistance Act ra 1996. Pasi pomutemo, NTSB ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa iyo yekutumira uye inogadzirisa mabasa kumhuri yeavo vanobatanidzwa munhandare ye ndege, kwete ndege. Mukuwedzera, kusanganisira ndege uye mapato avo anomiririra vanorambidzwa kushamwaridzana nemhuri kwemazuva makumi matatu pakarepo mushure mokunge chiitiko chacho chaitika.
Kunyange zvazvo kufamba kwepanyika kwakanga kusiri nguva yakachengetedzeka yekufamba, zvibayiro zvevamwe zvakashandura rwendo kuti ruve ruzivo rwakachengeteka uye rwakawedzerwa kune vose. Kuburikidza nezviitiko izvi, chizvarwa chinotevera chemapuranga chinogona kubhururuka munyika yose pasina zvinganetseka pamusoro pokusvika pamagumo avo ekupedzisira.