Iko-mazwi-mazwi ekupedzisira kwema1990
ICelttic Tiger - kuburitsa kwake kwave kusingawanzwiki mumakore achangobva kupfuura, uye vazhinji veIreland vanofunga kuti chikara chiri pedyo-chetsvene chinopera. Asi fungisisa mupfungwa kuti hatisi kutaura nezvechokwadi, nyama neropa, mhuka pano. Icho chakanga chave chichinyorwa, chirevo chisingaiti, uye kurwisana kwekukura kusina kukwana. Celtic Tiger (iyoIrish yaizove " An Tíogar Ceilteach ", kunyange zvisingawanzoshandiswa) ndiyo nguva yehukomba yehupfumi huri kuwedzera (kunyanya) Republic of Ireland mumakore kubva muna 1995 kusvika muna 2000.
Iyi yakanga iri nguva isati yamboitika yekuwedzera kwezvemari - zvikurukuru yakaunzwa kuburikidza nekutsinhanisa kwekunze kwekunze uye kubuda kwevanhu vakawanda kunyika yeIreland sechinhu chiduku chinodhura kushumira EMEA (Europe - Middle East - Africa) mushamba. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha zvokutsvaga muIreland chakanga chisisiri chepamutemo che "vashandi vechidiki vadzidzisi" (mabhizimisi matsva akawanda airatidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwevakabuda kune dzimwe nyika mubasa rekushanda), asi huwandu hwehurumende huwandu hwemitero, mutero uye inowanzosimudzira mari, uye mukana wekuita "kugadzira zvinyorwa", zvichiita kuti kuregererwa kwemitero kuburikidza neByzantine (asi mutemo) urongwa hwekambani inobatanirana.
Maitiro eCelttic Tiger Akaberekwa
Pakati pemakore ekumhanya kwehafu yechipiri yema1990, hupfumi hweIrish hwakawedzera pahuwandu hwehuwandu hwe9,4% (pakati pe 1995 na2000). Pashure pezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa (tsoka uye muromo unoparadza hurairi yeIrish nekushanyisa, mhirizhonga inobva ku 9/11 kutambudzwa, uye zviitiko zvakatevera zvakabuda mumarudzi ose), chikwata chinoputika muna 2002, asi kazhinji chakaenderera mberi nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe5,9%.
Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kusati kwapera kwakange kune nguva yekukura chaiye, kunyanya nekuda kwekutengesa-kutengesa kwekombiki uye mishonga yemishonga. Mushure mokunge slump, zvisinei, Celtic Tiger yakatanga kudyisa pamafuta ayo akawandisa: iyo inonzi "bubble period" yakauya, pamwe (kunyanya) mutengo wekutengesa kwemari inopa huwandu hwakawanda hwekutengesa-based tax revenue, zvichiita kuti zvisizvo zvisingaverengeki mazinga zvakasikwa zvakasikwa "zvingaita pfuma" pamwe nemari chikwereti - muchidimbu, guru rePonzi scheme.
Munguva iyi, kuchinja kunoshamisa kwakagadzirisa vanhu veIrish: Ireland pamberi peCeltic Tiger yaiva imwe yenyika inonyanya kukosha muWestern Europe - kungova (inenge inopfuura usiku) mumwe wevapfumi. Nemari yekurega. Kupupurira kupararira kwevanhu vakawanda (kazhinji pamapurogiramu akakwirira asingazivikanwi kudiwa kwavo, asi mune zvimwe zvivako zvigadzirwa sehutano zvakarambwa), kuderedza mutero kwevose, uye kushandiswa kwemari kwegore rose. Imari inoshandiswa mumhuri yakasimuka kusvika pakuzivikanwa uye zvisingatarisirwi zvinyorwa zvisingatariswi, zvichiita kuti kuwedzerwa kunoshamisa mumutengo wavatengi, nezvizororo zvekune dzimwe nyika, varaidzo yakashata, zvinhu zvepamusoro (Ireland ine imwe yepamusoro yepamusoro yehelicopters kune yeU.SA panguva imwe) uye. .. property schemes. Munharaunda ya2007 zviziviso zveredhiyo zvinosanganisira vechidiki vari kuronga kuti vasiye mari yavo shure kwemamiriyoni emamiriyoni emapurisa anenge ava nemakore makumi mashanu.
Kunyange zvazvo kupesana pakati pemhuri yakakwirira uye yepamusoro yepfuma yakawedzerwa, kushaiwa kwemabasa kwakawira kubva pa18% (1980) kusvika ku4% (2007, kunyange pashure pokunge vanhu vakawanda vapinda muEastern Europe vachiuya). Avhareji yehuwandu hwemashandiro ehuwandu akawedzera, pamwe nehuwandu hwekuwedzera (5% pagore ).
Zvose izvi zvakabatanidzwa kuti zvigadzire mutengo weIrish kusvika uye kazhinji kunze kweavo vanonyanya kukoshesa nyika dzeNordic , pamitengo yakafanana neye UK.
The Death of a Feline
Muna 2008, Celtic Tiger yakafa, maererano nehurumende yezuva iro nekusatarisira, maererano nevecheredzi vasati vanyatsoona nyeredzi mushure mekurwara kwenguva refu uye kwekupedzisira ... pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika, Ireland yakagumburwa. GDP yakavhiringidzwa ne14% nehuwandu hwemabasa yakasimuka kusvika 14%, nekutamira kune dzimwe nyika zvichibva pamusana pekutadza kwetariro. Iri Ireland yakaverengwa pakati pePIGS kana PIIGS (iyo mhirizhonga yeEuropean States yePortugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece neSpain). Uye iyo joke inoshushikana panguva iyoyo yaiva iyo kusiyana kwakaita pakati peIceland neIreland yaiva "tsamba imwe chete nemwedzi mitatu" .. Nokungogamuchira rubatsiro rwakakura kubva kune dzimwe nyika inogona kuchengetwa nehurumende ...
Pakupera kwa2013 Ireland yakawanazve kuzvigadzirisa zvemari kune zvakawanda, asi Budget yeIrish yegore ra2014 yakanga isati iri bhadharo (pamwe nekuteverwa kwebhajidheti kwete kurerutsa mutoro wacho), uye kubudirirazve kwezveCeltic Tiger hazvigoneki.
The Entitled Celtic Tiger Cubs
Chizvarwa chakaberekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu (kana kuti kusvika pakukura panguva iyoyo) chinowanzotaurwa se "Celtic Tiger Cubs". Nguva yehombodo yezera reIrish rakaberekerwa kuma1980 nere 1990, izvo zvakasimudzwa munguva isina kumboitika yehuwandu. Izvo, iyo pachayo, haina kururama - kukanganisa pakati pevatori vekukwirira nevatori vepasi vanowedzera zvakanyanya munguva yeCeltic Tiger, uye avo vari mumatambudziko vakasazviwana ivo pachavo. Kunyatsotaura "Celtic Tiger Cubs" inongoreva chete kune avo vakaberekerwa mu "middle class" background, sezvinotsanangurwa nemari yakawanda kupfuura chero chimwe chinhu.
ICeltic Tiger Cubs iko zvino yaonekwa se "chizvarwa chakasiyana", zvichida kunyange "dzinza rakarashika". Sezvo wakakura nemusimba wakasimba wekodzero, maropafadzo mazhinji anotarisirwa, uye kunamatira kudengenyeka kwekutengesa. Sezvo akanga asina (unoziva) ruzivo rwe "nguva dzakaoma" (chirevo chaivepo chete mumifananidzo kubva kumadzitateguru akwegura), ivo vakagumburwa nehupfumi hwekudarika sechifambiso nechitima chinokurumidza.
Nhamba yakakura yeCeltic Tiger Cubs yakasiyawo maitiro akawanda emakwara emakwara ekuita mari nokukurumidza pasina mhando dzakanaka dzezvidzidzo - kutungamirira kuwandu hwevasingashandisi vasina unyanzvi hwekutengesa. Pamwe pane zvakanyanya, vapedza kudzidza ne "junk degrees" vakawanda. Sezvo Celtic Tiger inopinda muIrish yakaitika , ndizvo zvichaita vana vake ...